Concepts Category Networks and Schemas Concepts an idea about something that provides means of understanding the world Organization of Declarative Knowledge Category ID: 811727
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Slide1
Ch.8
Representation and Organization of Knowledge in Memory:
Concepts, Category, Networks, and Schemas
Slide2Concepts-
an idea about something that provides means of understanding the world
Organization of Declarative Knowledge
Slide3Category –
a concept that functions to organize or point out aspects of equivalence among other concepts based on common features or similarity to a prototype
Organization of Declarative Knowledge
Slide4Category
Natural categories
Artifact categories
Organization of Declarative Knowledge
Slide5Category
Ad hoc categories-Categories that are formed with a particular
purpose in mindNominal kind-
The arbitrary assignment of label to an entity that meets a certain set of prespecified
conditionsEx) widow is a woman whose husband is deceased
Organization of Declarative Knowledge
Slide6Feature-Based Categories: A Defining View
These components are singly necessary and jointly sufficient to define the category
Some categories do not readily lend themselves to
featural
analysis ex) Game
Organization of Declarative Knowledge
독신녀
Slide7Prototype Theory: A Characteristic View
Categories are formed on the basis of a model of the category
Organization of Declarative Knowledge
Bird
Rating
Robin
6.89
Swallow
6.16
Falcon
5.74
Owl
5.00
Chicken
3.95
Penguin
2.63
Bat
1.53
Slide8A Synthesis:
Combing Feature-Based and Prototype TheoriesA full theory of categorization might need to combine both
defining and characteristic featuresCore
– must havePrototype – features that tend to be typical of an example
but not necessaryOrganization of Declarative Knowledge
Slide9Theory-Based View
People understand and categorize concepts in terms of implicit theories, or general idea they have regarding those concept
Organization of Declarative Knowledge
Slide10Semantic Network Models
A web of interconnected elements of meaning
Nodes – the elements of network.Network – provides a means for organizing concepts
“
박지성은 축구선수 이다”
Organization of Declarative Knowledge
“Nodes”
“Relationship”
Slide11Hierarchical network representation
Organization of Declarative Knowledge
Slide12Organized based on comparison of semantic features
Organization of Declarative Knowledge
Slide13Basic level
- a level within a hierarchy that is preferred to other levels
Organization of Declarative Knowledge
Slide14Schematic Representations
SchemasA mental framework for organizing knowledge.
1. schema can include other schemas.2. schema encompass typical, general facts that can vary slightly form
one specific instance to another3. schema can vary in their degree of abstraction
Schema can include information about relationshipsConceptsAttributes within concepts
Attributes in related concepts
Concepts and particular context
Specific concepts and general background knowledge
Organization of Declarative Knowledge
Slide15Schematic Representations
ScriptsA structure that describes appropriate sequences of events in
a particular context
Organization of Declarative Knowledge
1. Props- tables, a menu,…
2. Role- customer, a waiter
3. Opening- the customer is hungry
4. Result- the customer is no longer
hungry
Slide16Serial processing-
(like computer programs)Information is handled through a linear sequence of operation, one operation
at a time “if-then” rule
Sometimes, production systems contain
Bugs
Representation of Procedural Knowledge
Red
STOP
Green
MOVE
Production
Systems
Slide17Combining Representations: ACT-R
-A model of information processing that integrates a network representation
for declarative knowledge and a production system representation for procedural knowledge .
Integrative Models for Representing Declarative and
Nondeclarative Knowledge
Slide18Models Based on the Human Brain
Nondeclarative
knowledge may encompass a broader range of mental representation than just procedural knowledge.
Perceptual, motor, cognitive skills
Simple associative knowledge
Simple
nonassociative
knowledge
Priming
ZAZIP, GASPETHIT ,POCH YUSE, OWCH MINE ,
ACOT
TECKAJ, STEV, ASTEREW, OLACK, ZELBAR,
ACOT
Integrative Models for Representing Declarative and
Nondeclarative
Knowledge
Slide19Parallel Processing: The connectionist Model
- Multiple operations go on all at once
Integrative Models for Representing Declarative and Nondeclarative Knowledge
Slide20Comparing Connectionist with Network Representations
Integrative Models for Representing Declarative and
Nondeclarative Knowledge
Network
Connectionist
Slide21How Domain General or Domain Specific is Cognition?
Integrative Models for Representing Declarative and
Nondeclarative Knowledge