1 Section 1-1 Reader’s Guide - PowerPoint Presentation

1 Section 1-1 Reader’s Guide Main Idea People acquire certain behaviors through classical conditioning, a learning procedure in which associations are made between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus.  Objectives Outline the techniques of classical conditioning. Describe the principles of classical conditioning.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 241 of your textbook.

2 Vocabulary neutral stimulus  unconditioned stimulus (UCS) unconditioned response (UCR) conditioned stimulus (CS)  conditioned response (CR)  classical conditioning  generalization discrimination extinction Section 1-2 Reader’s Guide (cont.) Click the Speaker button to listen to Exploring Psychology. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 241 of your textbook.

3 Section 1-3 Introduction In classical conditioning, a person’s or animal’s old response becomes attached to a new stimulus.  classical conditioninga learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus Classical conditioning is one example of learning.  Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

4 Section 1-4 Introduction (cont.) Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, discovered the principle of classical conditioning by accident. Pavlov became fascinated with how a dog anticipated food and how salivation occurred before the food was presented. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

5 Section 1-5 Classical Conditioning Pavlov began his experiments by ringing a tuning fork and then immediately placing some meat powder on the dog’s tongue.  neutral stimulus a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response The tuning fork was a neutral stimulus–it had nothing to do with the response to meat (salivation) prior to conditioning. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

6 Section 1-6 Classical Conditioning (cont.) Soon the dog began salivating as soon as it heard the sound, even if the food was not placed in its mouth. Pavlov demonstrated that a neutral stimulus will cause a formerly unrelated response if it is presented regularly just before the stimulus that normally brings about that response. Pavlov used the term unconditioned to refer to stimuli and to the automatic, involuntary responses they caused. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

7 Section 1-7 In the experiment, food was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)–an event that leads to a certain, predictable response without previous training.  unconditioned stimulus an event that elicits a certain predictable response without previous training unconditioned response an organism’s automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus The salivation is an unconditioned response (UCR)–a reaction that occurs naturally and automatically when the unconditioned stimulus is presented, in other words, a reflex. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Classical Conditioning (cont.)

8 Section 1-8 An ordinarily neutral event that, after training, leads to a response such as salivation is termed a conditioned stimulus (CS).  conditioned stimulus a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus conditioned response the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus The salivation it causes is a conditioned response (CR).  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Classical Conditioning (cont.) A conditioned response is learned.

Section 1-9 Classical Conditioning (cont.)

Section 1-10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Classical Conditioning (cont.)

11 Section 1-11 General Principles of Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning helps animals and humans adapt to the environment and avoid danger. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

12 Section 1-12 Acquisition Acquisition of a classically conditioned response generally occurs gradually. With each pairing of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), the conditioned response (CR)–or learned response–is strengthened. The timing of the association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus also influences learning. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

13 Section 1-13 Generalization and Discrimination Generalization occurs when an animal responds to a second stimulus similar to the original CS, without prior training with the second stimulus. generalization responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli When Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at the sight of a circle, he found that the dog would salivate when it saw an oval as well. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

14 Section 1-14 Generalization and Discrimination (cont.) Pavlov also taught the dog discrimination–to respond only to the circle, not the oval.  discriminationthe ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli Generalization and discrimination are complementary processes and are part of your everyday life. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

15 Section 1-15 Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery A classically conditioned response, like any other behavior, is subject to change. extinction the gradual disappearance of a CR when a CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS. Pavlov discovered that if he stopped presenting food after the sound of the tuning fork, the sound gradually lost its effect on the dog.  He called this effect extinction because the CR had gradually died out. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

16 Section 1-16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery (cont.) If a rest period is given following extinction, the CR may reappear when the CS is presented again but not followed by a UCS.  This spontaneous recovery does not bring the CR back to its original strength.

17 Section 1-17 Classical Conditioning and Human Behavior Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920 ) used conditioning on a human infant in the case of Little Albert.  This experiment conditioned an 11-month-old infant named Albert to fear laboratory rats.  It provided evidence that emotional responses can be classically conditioned in humans.

18 Section 1-18 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Classical Conditioning and Human Behavior (cont.) Hobart Mowrer and his wife Mollie (1938) discovered a practical solution to the problem of bed-wetting.  They developed a device known as the bell and pad .  When the sleeping child moistens the sheet with the first drops of urine, an alarm goes off and awakens the child. The child can then use the bathroom.  This has proven to be a very effective way of treating bed-wetting problems.

19 Section 1-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Examples of Common Conditioned Responses

20 Section 1-20 Taste Aversions When people or animals become ill, they seem to decide, “It must have been something I ate,” even if they have not eaten for several hours. Psychologists can even predict that people will probably blame a new food.  John Garcia and R.A. Koelling (1966) first demonstrated this phenomenon with rats.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Whenever a rat took a drink of flavored water, lights flashed and clicks sounded.  Some rats were then given an electric shock.

21 Section 1-21 Taste Aversions (cont.) All of these rats showed traditional classical conditioning–the lights and the sounds became CS, and the rats tried to avoid them in order to avoid a shock.  The other rats were not shocked, but given a drug that made them sick after they drank and the lights and sounds occurred. They developed an aversion only to the taste of the water. In summary, classical conditioning helps animals and humans predict what is going to happen. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

22 Section 1-22 Learning associated with classical conditioning may aid animals in finding food or help humans avoid pain or injury.  Classical conditioning is an example of a behaviorist theory. Behaviorism is the attempt to understand behavior in terms of relationships between observable stimuli and observable responses. Behaviorists are psychologists who study only those behaviors that they can observe and measure. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Taste Aversions (cont.)

23 Section 1-23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Classical Conditioning vs. Operant Conditioning 1. Always a specific stimulus (UCS) that elicits the desired response  1. No stimulus; learner must first respond appropriately, then behavior is reinforced  Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning 2. UCS does not depend on learner’s response  3. Learner responds to its environment  2. Reinforcement depends upon learner’s behavior  3. Learner actively operates on its environment