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Cardiovascular  System mashehabat@just.edu.jo Cardiovascular  System mashehabat@just.edu.jo

Cardiovascular System mashehabat@just.edu.jo - PowerPoint Presentation

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Cardiovascular System mashehabat@just.edu.jo - PPT Presentation

Note Pulmonary arteries and veins the exceptions Heart is located in the mediastinum area from the sternum to the vertebral column and between the lungs Location of the Heart Heart Anatomy ID: 676205

heart figure studentconsult blood figure heart blood studentconsult elsevier 2005 2009 november downloaded pressure valves cardiac valve channels contraction left ventricular sympathetic

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Slide1

Cardiovascular

System

mashehabat@just.edu.joSlide2
Slide3

Note Pulmonary arteries and veins (the exceptions)Slide4

Heart is located in the

mediastinum

area

from the sternum to the vertebral column and

between

the lungs

Location of the HeartSlide5

Heart AnatomySlide6

Fig.20.02bSlide7

Pericardial Layers of the HeartSlide8

Heart Wall

Epicardium – visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Myocardium – cardiac muscle layer

Endocardium – endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surfaceSlide9

Vessels returning blood to the heart include:

Right and left pulmonary veins

Superior and inferior venae cavae

Vessels conveying blood away from the heart include:

Aorta

Right and left pulmonary arteries

External Heart: Major Vessels of the Heart Slide10

Atria of the Heart

Atria are the receiving chambers of the heart

Blood enters right atria from superior and inferior venae cavae and coronary sinus

Blood enters left atria from pulmonary veinsSlide11

Ventricles of the Heart

Ventricles are the discharging chambers of the heart

Right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk

Left ventricle pumps blood into the aortaSlide12

Chambers

Borders

Surfaces

SulciSlide13
Slide14

Heart Valves

One Way DirectionSlide15

Atrioventricular Valves

A-V valves open and allow blood to flow from atria into ventricles when ventricular pressure is lower than atrial pressure

occurs when ventricles are relaxed, chordae tendineae are slack and papillary muscles are relaxed

A-V valves close preventing backflow of blood into atria

occurs when ventricles contract, pushing valve cusps closed, chordae tendinae are pulled taut and papillary muscles contract to pull cords and prevent cusps from evertingSlide16

Fig. 20.06a,bSlide17

Semilunar Valves

SL valves open with ventricular contraction

allow blood to flow into pulmonary trunk and aorta

SL valves close with ventricular relaxation

prevents blood from returning to ventricles, blood fills valve cusps, tightly closing the SL valves

Aortic Sinuses

Nodule of semiluar

valveSlide18

Right Atrium

Receives All Venous Blood (front and behind).

Interatrial septum

partitions the atria

musculi pectinati

(pectinate muscles)

Crista Terminalis

Slide19

Infindibulum

Right Ventricle

Tricuspid valve

Blood flows through into right ventricle

has three cusps composed of dense CT covered by endocardium

Forms most of anterior surface of heart

Interventricular septum:

partitions ventricles

Pulmonary semilunar valve:

blood flows into pulmonary trunk Slide20

Left Ventricle

Forms the apex of heart

Bicuspid (

Mitral

) valve:

blood passes through into left ventricle

has two cusps

Chordae tendineae anchor bicuspid valve to papillary muscles

(also has trabeculae carneae like right ventricle)

Aortic semilunar valve:

blood passes through valve into the ascending aorta

just above valve are the openings to the coronary arteriesSlide21

Interventricular septumSlide22

Cardiac cycleSlide23

Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and LungsSlide24
Slide25

Heart Sounds

Sounds of heartbeat are from turbulence in blood flow caused by valve closure

first heart sound (lubb) is created with the closing of the atrioventricular valves

second heart sound (dupp) is created with the closing of semilunar valvesSlide26
Slide27

The A-V valves

The Tricuspid valve and the mitral valve

The Semilunar valves

The aortic and the pulmonary artery valvesSlide28

Figure 9-1 Structure of the heart, and course of blood flow through the heart chambers and heart valves.

Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 24 November 2009 06:16 AM)

© 2005 Elsevier Slide29

The heart is the pump

that propels the

blood through

the systemic and

pulmonary circuits.

Red color indicates

blood that is

fully oxygenated.

Blue color representsblood that is only

partially oxygenated.

Figure 12-2Slide30

The distribution of blood

in a comfortable, resting

person is shown here.

Dynamic adjustments in

blood delivery allow a

person to respond to

widely varying

circumstances,

including emergencies.

Figure 12-3Slide31

Dynamic adjustments

in blood-flow distribution

during exercise result from changes in cardiac output

and from changes in regional

vasodilation/vasoconstriction.

Figure 12-61Slide32
Slide33

Figure 9-2 "Syncytial," interconnecting nature of cardiac muscle fibers.

Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 24 November 2009 06:16 AM)

© 2005 Elsevier Slide34

Figure 9-3 Rhythmical action potentials (in millivolts) from a Purkinje fiber and from a ventricular muscle fiber, recorded by means of microelectrodes.

Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 24 November 2009 06:16 AM)

© 2005 Elsevier Slide35

The prolonged refractory period of cardiac muscle

prevents tetanus, and allows time for ventricles to

fill with blood prior to pumping.

Figure 12-17Slide36

Figure 9-5 Events of the cardiac cycle for left ventricular function, showing changes in left atrial pressure, left ventricular pressure, aortic pressure, ventricular volume, the electrocardiogram, and the phonocardiogram.

Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 24 November 2009 06:16 AM)

© 2005 Elsevier Slide37

Systole:

ventricles contracting

Diastole:

ventricles relaxed

Figure 12-18Slide38

Pressure and volume changes in the left heart during a contraction cycle.

Figure 12-19Slide39

Pressure changes in the right heart during a contraction cycle.

Figure 12-20Slide40

Though pressure is higher in the lower “tube,” the flow rates

in the pair of tubes is identical because they both have the

same pressure difference (90 mm Hg) between points P

1

and P

2

.

Figure 12-4Slide41
Slide42

The sinoatrial node is

the heart’s pacemaker

because it initiates

each wave of excitation

with atrial contraction.

The Bundle of His and other parts

of the conducting system deliver

the excitation to the apex of the

heart so that ventricular contraction

occurs in an upward sweep.

Figure 12-11Slide43

Figure 12-12

The action potential of a

myocardial pumping cell.

The rapid opening of voltage-gated sodium channels is responsible for the rapid depolarization phase. Slide44

Figure 12-12

The prolonged “plateau” of

depolarization is due to

the slow

but prolonged opening of

voltage-gated calcium channels

PLUS

closure of potassium channels.

The action potential of a

myocardial pumping cell.Slide45

Figure 12-12

Opening of potassium

channels results in the

repolarization phase.

The action potential of a

myocardial pumping cell.Slide46

Figure 12-12

The action potential of a

myocardial pumping cell.

Opening of potassium

channels results in the

repolarization phase.

The prolonged “plateau” of

depolarization is due to

the slow

but prolonged opening of

voltage-gated calcium channels

PLUS

closure of potassium channels.

The rapid opening of voltage-gated sodium channels is responsible for the rapid depolarization phase. Slide47

Figure 12-13

Sodium ions “leaking” in through

the F-type [funny] channels

PLUS

calcium ions moving in through

the T [calcium] channels cause a

threshold graded depolarization.

The rapid opening of voltage-gated

calcium channels is responsible

for the rapid depolarization phase.

Reopening of potassium channels

PLUS

closing of calcium channels

are responsible for the

repolarization phase.

The action potential of an

autorhythmic cardiac cell.Slide48

The relationship between the electrocardiogram (ECG), recorded as the difference between currents at the left and right wrists,

and

an action potential typical of ventricular myocardial cells.

Figure 12-14Slide49

Figure 12-16Slide50

Control of the Heart by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nerves

Sympathetic stimulation

(

Norepinephrine

& Epinephrine)

Increases HR

Increases Force of Heart Contraction

Increases Cardiac Output

Parasympathetic Stimulation

Decreases HR

Decreases Strength of Heart Muscle

Pages 112-113, and 121 from Guyton and HallSlide51

To speed up the heart rate:

deliver the sympathetic hormone, epinephrine, and/or

release more sympathetic neurotransmitter (norepinephrine), and/or

reduce release of parasympathetic neurotransmitter (acetylcholine).

Figure 12-23Slide52

Sympathetic signals (norepinephrine and epinephrine) cause a stronger and more rapid contraction

and

a more rapid relaxation.

Figure 12-26Slide53

Figure 12-22Slide54

Figure 9-10 Cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. (The vagus nerves to the heart are parasympathetic nerves.)

Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 24 November 2009 06:16 AM)

© 2005 Elsevier Slide55
Slide56

Figure 9-11 Effect on the cardiac output curve of different degrees of sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation.

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© 2005 Elsevier Slide57

Sympathetic stimulation of

alpha

-adrenergic receptors causes

vasoconstriction to decrease blood flow to that location.

Sympathetic stimulation of

beta

-adrenergic receptors leads to

vasodilation to cause an increase in blood flow to that location.

Figure 12-35Slide58

Diversity among signals that influence contraction/relaxation

in vascular circular smooth muscle implies a diversity of

receptors and transduction mechanisms.

Figure 12-36Slide59

Effects of

Potassium and Calcium

Ions on Heart Function

Effect of Potassium Ions

Excess Potassium causes heart to dilate and HR to slow

Potassium decreases the resting membrane potential and result in weak heart contraction

Effect of Calcium ions

Excess calcium causes spastic contraction

Calcium deficiency causes cardiac flaccidity Slide60

Figure 9-12 Constancy of cardiac output up to a pressure level of 160 mm Hg. Only when the arterial pressure rises above this normal limit does the increasing pressure load cause the cardiac output to fall significantly.

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© 2005 Elsevier Slide61

Figure 18-1 Anatomy of sympathetic nervous control of the circulation. Also shown by the red dashed line is a vagus nerve that carries parasympathetic signals to the heart.

Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 24 November 2009 07:30 AM)

© 2005 Elsevier Slide62

Figure 18-2 Sympathetic innervation of the systemic circulation.

Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 24 November 2009 07:30 AM)

© 2005 Elsevier Slide63

Figure 18-3 Areas of the brain that play important roles in the nervous regulation of the circulation. The dashed lines represent inhibitory pathways.

Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 24 November 2009 07:30 AM)

© 2005 Elsevier Slide64

Ref: Chapter 10 in Guyton and 12 in Vander

Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart

Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart

S-A node

A-V node

A-V bundle

Purkinjie fibersSlide65

Figure 12-10Slide66

Figure 10-1 Sinus node, and the Purkinje system of the heart, showing also the A-V node, atrial internodal pathways, and ventricular bundle branches.

Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 24 November 2009 06:31 AM)

© 2005 Elsevier Slide67

Figure 10-2 Rhythmical discharge of a sinus nodal fiber. Also, the sinus nodal action potential is compared with that of a ventricular muscle fiber.

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© 2005 Elsevier Slide68

Figure 14-2 Normal blood pressures in the different portions of the circulatory system when a person is lying in the horizontal position.

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© 2005 Elsevier Slide69

Figure 12-29

In response to the pulsatile contraction of the heart:

pulses of pressure move throughout the vasculature, decreasing in amplitude with distance Slide70

The capillary is

the primary point exchange between the blood and the

interstitial fluid (ISF).

Intercellular clefts assist the exchange.

Capillary walls

are a single

endothelial cell

in thickness.

Figure 12-37Slide71

Capillaries lack smooth muscle, but contraction/relaxation of circular smooth muscle in upstream metarterioles and precapillary sphincters determine the volume of blood each capillary receives.

Figure 12-38Slide72

There are many, many capillaries, each with slow-moving

blood in it, resulting in adequate time and surface area

for exchange between the capillary blood and the ISF.

Figure 12-40Slide73

Absorption: movement of fluid and solutes into the blood.

Filtration: movement of fluid and solutes out of the blood.

Figure 12-41Slide74

Figure 12-31Slide75

Cardiovascular Physiology

CO = HR x SV, as follows.

The heart is the pump that moves the blood. Its activity can be expressed as “cardiac output (CO)” in reference to the amount of blood moved per unit of time.Slide76

Mean arterial pressure, which drives the blood, is the sum of the diastolic pressure plus one-third of the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures.

Chapter 12:

Cardiovascular Physiology (cont.)

The autonomic system dynamically adjusts CO and MAP.

Blood composition and hemostasis are described.Slide77

Figure 14-3 Interrelationships among pressure, resistance, and blood flow.

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© 2005 Elsevier Slide78

Figure 14-10 Vascular resistances: A, in series and B, in parallel.

Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 24 November 2009 07:18 AM)

© 2005 Elsevier Slide79

Figure 14-12 Effect of hematocrit on blood viscosity. (Water viscosity = 1.)

Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 24 November 2009 07:18 AM)

© 2005 Elsevier Slide80

Figure 15-11 Venous valves of the leg.

Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 24 November 2009 07:25 AM)

© 2005 Elsevier Slide81

Figure 15-7 Auscultatory method for measuring systolic and diastolic arterial pressures.

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© 2005 Elsevier