Glass Science MSE 110 Fall 2016 - PowerPoint Presentation

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Glass Science

MSE 110Fall 2016

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Our time together

1. Glass applications & Processing

2. Glass properties3. Glass laboratory2Slide3

Art, Science, & Technology

“It is misleading to divide human actions into ‘art,’ ‘science,’ or ‘technology,’ for the

artist has something of the scientist in him, and the engineer of both, and the very meaning of these terms varies with time so that analysis can easily degenerate into semantics.”“Nearly everyone believes, falsely, that technology is applied science…. Technology is more closely related to art than to science…because the technologist, like the artist, must work with many unanalyzable complexities

.

“Historically, the first discovery of useful materials, machines, or processes has almost always been in the

decorative arts

, and was not done for a perceived practical purpose. Necessity is

not

the mother of invention – only of improvement.”

Smith, C.S., A Search for Structure. MIT Press, Cambridge (1981), 191, 323.

Martin

Demaine

: MIT artist-in-residence

Chihuly, Columbus, OH

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Glass economics

Glasses account for ½ the total ceramics market (in $)

$50 billion/year

Carter, C.B. and Norton, M. G.,

Ceramic Materials: Science and Engineering

, 2

nd

ed

, Springer, (2013). (Fig 26.1)

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Glass applications & Processing

Introduction & future of glass

Antiquity of glass-makingDiscoveryAncient Near EastEgyptGlass-blowingRomAN

Medieval

Modern processing

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“A Day Made of Glass”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzLYh3j6xn8

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“A Day Made of Glass – Unpacked”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-GXO_urMow

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Realizing the vision of “Day Made of Glass”

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oxz2H9x79SY Slide9

Glass applications

TraditionalBottles, containers, WINDOWS

ContemporaryOPTICAL FIBERS, DISPLAY GLASS, COVER GLASSPHOTOCHROMIC, ANTIMICROBIAL, SELF-CLEANINGFuturisticGrand challenges: clean energy, human health, transportation safety, efficient buildings, clean water

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Natural glass

ObsidianRhyolitic

basalticImpact glassesTektitesLibyan desert glassTrinititeAmber

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Glassmaking – Discovery

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Glass was art before it was utilitarian First glass made to imitate stone

c.5500-3100 BC faience (molded, glazed, fired)

c.2500-1550 BC

glass core-formed beads

Slag from metal-working

Origins of glass-making unclear

Combined guild workshops

Metal slag

Faience

Glazes on pottery

Crucibles

Observation of natural glass

“William”, 12

th

Dynasty (MET,NY)

Faience

Glazed steatite (~4500 BC)

soapstone

Faience (~3100 BC)

quartz +

natron

/ash

“artificial

tourquoise

”

Egyptian blue (~2500 BC)

Cuprorivaite

“artificial lapis lazuli”Slide12

Glass of the

Ulu Burun (LBA)

Late bronze age glassmakingMesopotamian glass c.1550 BCEgyptian glass c. 1480 BCAmarna c. 1350 BC (Ahkenaten

)

Shipwreck

Kas

, Turkey (

~1305 BC)

Copper, tin, and cobalt glass ingots; ivory, precious stones, amber, shell, faience, gold/ copper/ bronze/ pottery vesselsArtifacts from 7 cultures

175 glass ingots:

“cobalt” and “turquoise”

Ingots match crucibles found at

Amarna & Qantir Pi-ramesse, Egypt

Mycenae

Canaan

Egypt

Nubia

Cyprus

Assyria

Kassite

(Babylonia)

LBA glassmaking centers

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glass production:

Soda-Lime-Silicate

SandAlkaliPlant ash – Late Bronze Age EgyptSalt-tolerant desert plantsHigh Mg, K impuritiesNatron – Roman From Egyptian word ntr – gives us Na

Evaporite

mineral mixture, mostly Na

2

CO

3

·10H2O; impurities NaHCO

3, NaCl, Na2SO4Lime

From crucibleFrom shells or limestone (later)Minor additivesColorants, opacifiers, decolorizers

Glasswort (

Salicornia

)

Natron

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GLASS BLOWING

First blow pipe developed by

“Syrians” ~ 300 BC

Brought to Rome in through trade

“Romans”

were first to mix blown glass with molded glass techniques

Revolutionize glass manufacturing ($)

Above- Man blowing glass with blow pipe

Left- Blow Roman Glass Bowl

3-4 century AD (MET, NY)

Left- Cologne Cage Cup

4 century AD (

Staatiliche

Collection)

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MEDIEVAL GLASS MAKING

Nanotechnology and color

Pane Glass from Molds

Mosaic

Applique

Complex vessels

Chartres Cathedral

(France, started 1193)

c.350 AD - England

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Glass and scientific innovation

Eyeglasses

to read booksMicroscopesto see microscopic life (bacteria)Telescopesto view astronomical bodiesLab vesselsto hold and observe chemical reactions (without interaction with the vessel as in some metals)

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Alembic – alchemical reaction vessel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasses

Macfarlane, A. and G. Martin, "A World of Glass,"

Science

, 305(5689), 1407-1408 (2004);

http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1093597

Rudyard Kipling, “Eye of Allah” short story, 1924

http://arstechnica.com/science/2010/06/history-of-the-telescope-draft/3/

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GlassMAKING

–modern

Batch processing

Flat glass

Float glass

Automated container glass processing

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Bottle making

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDvr2fFQpww

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Pharmaceutical glass

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http://ceramics.org/ceramic-tech-today/icg-reports-on-progress-for-pharmaceutical-glass-roadmap

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Hand-made rolled flat glass

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tDyeiePort0

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OPTICAL FIBERS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfAHsP2Dahg&

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Fusion draw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4ZU7zUxdM8

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Scientific glassmaking

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOQBU0ixPZ4

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Other videos and websites

Mythbusters: Glass age I

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=12OSBJwogFcMythbusters: Glass age IIhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=13B5K_lAabw CORNING: the glass agehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbX9KOpDJMEhttp://theglassage.com/

PBS special: “How we got to now: glass”

http://video.pbs.org/video/2365351977/

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