1 Our time together 1 Glass applications amp Processing 2 Glass properties 3 Glass laboratory 2 Art Science amp Technology It is misleading to divide human actions into art science or technology for the ID: 730038
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Slide1
Glass Science
MSE 110Fall 2016
1Slide2
Our time together
1. Glass applications & Processing
2. Glass properties3. Glass laboratory2Slide3
Art, Science, & Technology
“It is misleading to divide human actions into ‘art,’ ‘science,’ or ‘technology,’ for the
artist has something of the scientist in him, and the engineer of both, and the very meaning of these terms varies with time so that analysis can easily degenerate into semantics.”“Nearly everyone believes, falsely, that technology is applied science…. Technology is more closely related to art than to science…because the technologist, like the artist, must work with many unanalyzable complexities
.
“Historically, the first discovery of useful materials, machines, or processes has almost always been in the
decorative arts
, and was not done for a perceived practical purpose. Necessity is
not
the mother of invention – only of improvement.”
Smith, C.S., A Search for Structure. MIT Press, Cambridge (1981), 191, 323.
Martin
Demaine
: MIT artist-in-residence
Chihuly, Columbus, OH
3Slide4
Glass economics
Glasses account for ½ the total ceramics market (in $)
$50 billion/year
Carter, C.B. and Norton, M. G.,
Ceramic Materials: Science and Engineering
, 2
nd
ed
, Springer, (2013). (Fig 26.1)
4Slide5
Glass applications & Processing
Introduction & future of glass
Antiquity of glass-makingDiscoveryAncient Near EastEgyptGlass-blowingRomAN
Medieval
Modern processing
5Slide6
“A Day Made of Glass”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzLYh3j6xn8
6Slide7
“A Day Made of Glass – Unpacked”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-GXO_urMow
7Slide8
Realizing the vision of “Day Made of Glass”
8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oxz2H9x79SY Slide9
Glass applications
TraditionalBottles, containers, WINDOWS
ContemporaryOPTICAL FIBERS, DISPLAY GLASS, COVER GLASSPHOTOCHROMIC, ANTIMICROBIAL, SELF-CLEANINGFuturisticGrand challenges: clean energy, human health, transportation safety, efficient buildings, clean water
9Slide10
Natural glass
ObsidianRhyolitic
basalticImpact glassesTektitesLibyan desert glassTrinititeAmber
10Slide11
Glassmaking – Discovery
11
Glass was art before it was utilitarian First glass made to imitate stone
c.5500-3100 BC faience (molded, glazed, fired)
c.2500-1550 BC
glass core-formed beads
Slag from metal-working
Origins of glass-making unclear
Combined guild workshops
Metal slag
Faience
Glazes on pottery
Crucibles
Observation of natural glass
“William”, 12
th
Dynasty (MET,NY)
Faience
Glazed steatite (~4500 BC)
soapstone
Faience (~3100 BC)
quartz +
natron
/ash
“artificial
tourquoise
”
Egyptian blue (~2500 BC)
Cuprorivaite
“artificial lapis lazuli”Slide12
Glass of the
Ulu Burun (LBA)
Late bronze age glassmakingMesopotamian glass c.1550 BCEgyptian glass c. 1480 BCAmarna c. 1350 BC (Ahkenaten
)
Shipwreck
Kas
, Turkey (
~1305 BC)
Copper, tin, and cobalt glass ingots; ivory, precious stones, amber, shell, faience, gold/ copper/ bronze/ pottery vesselsArtifacts from 7 cultures
175 glass ingots:
“cobalt” and “turquoise”
Ingots match crucibles found at
Amarna & Qantir Pi-ramesse, Egypt
Mycenae
Canaan
Egypt
Nubia
Cyprus
Assyria
Kassite
(Babylonia)
LBA glassmaking centers
12Slide13
glass production:
Soda-Lime-Silicate
SandAlkaliPlant ash – Late Bronze Age EgyptSalt-tolerant desert plantsHigh Mg, K impuritiesNatron – Roman From Egyptian word ntr – gives us Na
Evaporite
mineral mixture, mostly Na
2
CO
3
·10H2O; impurities NaHCO
3, NaCl, Na2SO4Lime
From crucibleFrom shells or limestone (later)Minor additivesColorants, opacifiers, decolorizers
Glasswort (
Salicornia
)
Natron
13Slide14
GLASS BLOWING
First blow pipe developed by
“Syrians” ~ 300 BC
Brought to Rome in through trade
“Romans”
were first to mix blown glass with molded glass techniques
Revolutionize glass manufacturing ($)
Above- Man blowing glass with blow pipe
Left- Blow Roman Glass Bowl
3-4 century AD (MET, NY)
Left- Cologne Cage Cup
4 century AD (
Staatiliche
Collection)
14Slide15
MEDIEVAL GLASS MAKING
Nanotechnology and color
Pane Glass from Molds
Mosaic
Applique
Complex vessels
Chartres Cathedral
(France, started 1193)
c.350 AD - England
15Slide16
Glass and scientific innovation
Eyeglasses
to read booksMicroscopesto see microscopic life (bacteria)Telescopesto view astronomical bodiesLab vesselsto hold and observe chemical reactions (without interaction with the vessel as in some metals)
16
Alembic – alchemical reaction vessel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasses
Macfarlane, A. and G. Martin, "A World of Glass,"
Science
, 305(5689), 1407-1408 (2004);
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1093597
Rudyard Kipling, “Eye of Allah” short story, 1924
http://arstechnica.com/science/2010/06/history-of-the-telescope-draft/3/
Slide17
GlassMAKING
–modern
Batch processing
Flat glass
Float glass
Automated container glass processing
17Slide18
Bottle making
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDvr2fFQpww
18Slide19
Pharmaceutical glass
19
http://ceramics.org/ceramic-tech-today/icg-reports-on-progress-for-pharmaceutical-glass-roadmap
Slide20
Hand-made rolled flat glass
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tDyeiePort0
20Slide21
OPTICAL FIBERS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfAHsP2Dahg&
21Slide22
Fusion draw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4ZU7zUxdM8
22Slide23
Scientific glassmaking
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOQBU0ixPZ4
23Slide24
Other videos and websites
Mythbusters: Glass age I
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=12OSBJwogFcMythbusters: Glass age IIhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=13B5K_lAabw CORNING: the glass agehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbX9KOpDJMEhttp://theglassage.com/
PBS special: “How we got to now: glass”
http://video.pbs.org/video/2365351977/
24