In this Issue we will look at 2 areas 1 What PUSHED the Scots out AND around Scotland AND 2 What PULLED the Scots to out What PULLED the Scots from their homes Overseas 12 Facts you will learn 78 ID: 682568
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Slide1
Issue 1:
THE MIGRATION OF THE SCOTSSlide2
In this Issue we will look at 2 areas:
1. What
PUSHED
the Scots out
AND
around Scotland
AND
2. What
PULLED
the Scots to out
What PULLED
the Scots
from their homes? (Overseas)
(12 Facts – you will learn 7-8) Slide3
MIGRATION & EMPIRE Pictionary
In small groups your teacher will assign you several reasons for migration
You have
15 minutes to make at least 3 Pictionary cards for each topic
:- On one side of the card write ‘Migration & Empire Pictionary’
On the other side put a picture & word/term
Push Factors to Migration?
We already know there were many problems within Scotland during this period. For many Scots remaining here was no longer an option. What reasons do we already know that might explain why many Scots migrated?
HERE ARE SOME IDEASSlide4
Push Factors to the ScotsIdeas for Pictionary groups
Problem 1
– Over populated Highland Region
Problem 2 – Highland Clearances
Problem 3 – Poor Living ConditionsProblem 4 – Failure of the Kelp IndustryProblem 5
– BalmoralismProblem 6 – Poor Harvests/Potato FamineProblem 7 – Fishing Industry
Problem/Reason 8
– Agricultural Revolution Problem/Reason 9 – Industrial Revolution
EXAMPLE:Problem 3 – Poor Living Conditions
Blackhouses
Diseases -TB
Animals living inside
However it wasn’t only
‘Push Factors’
that can explain why Scots
emigrated… this
How Far
topic focuses on the
‘Pull Factors
’Slide5
Think, Pair & Share
What would attract you to another country?
So we know the reasons why Scots were ‘pushed’ to leave but what do you think were the pull factors which attracted Scots to other countries?
As we go through the next few slides think about the answer to this question – ‘What did attract the Scots Abroad?’Slide6
Background
What were the opportunities that attracted the Scots abroad?
Although internal migration was popular many Scots chose to leave the British Isles altogether
United States
Canada
Australia
New Zealand
Many areas
offered land
and ability to
earn more money
D
ifferent destinations were popular at different times
Unskilled labourers tended to
for NZ &
Australia, while skilled
workers went to the USA & Canada
The decision
to
leave
your
place of birth &
to seek a
new
life elsewhere
had been
as a result of complex
factorsSlide7
Tom DevineProfessor Tom Devine discusses the migration of Scots, including misconceptions about the Highland clearances and other factors that led to a movement overseas, particularly among skilled workers
.
TAKE NOTES ON:
Why did the Scots move?
What problem did it leave Scotland?Slide8
Background
What were the opportunities that attracted the Scots abroad?
The
outflow of people was made easier by the
revolution in
transport, in particular the steamship
The reduction in travelling time allowed for
temporary migration as well as permanent; something unthinkable in the days of sailing ships Furthermore, if things did not work out in the New World then the price of a steamship ticket brought you back to your native land in a week. Emigration seemed less risky in the age of the steamship
E
migration
was
also seen as
a practical solution to
unemployment and economic
depression
T
he
1920s &
1930s
saw mass
unemployment at home. This mostly affected the age group 16–29, skilled rather than unskilled workers and men rather than
womenSlide9
What Attracted The Scots To Emigrate?
http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/zjkkjxs
http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/znttsbk
http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/z9rrkqt
http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/z3ffb9q
Watch the video clips & take notes of the ‘pull factors’
Better Standard of Living
Land Available
Letters from Friends
Hope
Skills WantedSlide10
Better information – newspapers & leaflet
Religion – spread word of godSteamship – quick easy journey & could easily return
Gold
Better Information - Letters from family & friendsPrisoners families following loved one to AustraliaBetter
prospects & living conditionsSkills wanted:Farming, granite, textilesStart a new life via the help of charities
Governments /Agents funding travel & providing landLandowners only offers of helpBack door/stepping stone to USA
Lets See What You Know
Already… What were the opportunities that attracted the Scots abroad
?Slide11
It is important to know that not all Scots were driven out of Scotland – many left willingly. Hope
, ambition and adventure were more common reasons for leaving than despair
There were many opportunities which attracted
the Scots AbroadWe are going to look at the 12 reasons:
Opportunities that Attracted the Scots Abroad
Reason 1
– Prisoners Families
Reason 2
– Religion
Reason
3
– Better Prospects
Reason
4
– Ease of transport
Reason 5
– Better Information
Reason
6
– Gold
Reason
7
– Help from landowners
Reason
9 -
Government
Help
Reason
10 -
Charities
Reason
11 -
Emigration Societies
Reason
12 -
Agents
In pairs you are going to be given 1 reason that explains why the Scot migrated
Read the information & discuss why this lead to migration
You will then tell the class what you have found HOWEVER you must use of the white board help them create a detailed
MindMap
with key words
YOU BE THE TEACHERSlide12
Until 1867 prisoners convicted of series crimes were often sent to AustraliaSending criminals was called
‘transportation’
However this is easily overestimated as of the 160,000 convicts sent from Britain only 5% were Scots
(7,600)Sentences could last from 7 years to life depending on the crime
Most were single young men who had been convicted of common crimes like theft, burglary or forgeryAfter their sentences
many chose to stay in AustraliaSometimes their families would join themTherefore some Scots were attracted to move abroad to follow loved ones
Reason 1
: Prisoners Families
Opportunities that Attracted the Scots AbroadSlide13
Reason 2 – Religion
The
importance of religion
in Scottish migration must be recognisedThe British Empire contained many different peoples with different religious beliefsSome Scots men & women believed it was their
Christian duty to convert the people of the Empire to ChristianityMany travelled as missionaries
to spread the world of God, hoping to convert in particular Indians & AfricansMissionaries also wanted to help the poor & illiterate to read & write
Many were also
attracted to NZ because of its developed Free Church of Scotland (which you find out more about later) & drawn by the promise of a well-ordered Christian
society with Scottish cultureTherefore some Scots were attracted abroad in order to convert others to Christianity or because they knew they would welcomed into a church elsewhere
Attractions for Scots moving AbroadSlide14
Reason 3
– Better Prospects
In
the Lowlands, moving abroad was nearly always
due to the desire to improve living standardsWith attractions
of a new life such as employment, better wages, easier work, chances of marriage partner & entertainment
Many countries gave
promises of free/cheap land abroad which would see better prospects both for ones self and the next generation
The opportunity to buy land at fair prices abroad also gave major
investment opportunities
Where
the best opportunities
lay dependent upon your
skills
The
displaced village
craftsman
who
were
forced
to
migrate
now saw their skills all of a sudden in
demand
Granite workers
could earn in America in 1.5 days what it took them a week to earn at
home
The
USA
mainly attracted
those
from
industrial
communities
Canada
, Australia and
NZ remained
very
attractive
to
tenant
farmers
who had the farming skills but no farms
Finally, migration
to Canada seen by many urban industrial workers as a ‘back door’ to USA
at a time when it was harder to gain direct entry to the USA this is where they better prospects were seen to be
Attractions for Scots moving AbroadSlide15
Reason
4
– Ease of transport
Emigration was transformed by the transport revolution
The development of steamships from the 1880s made emigrating much easier and safer process
The cost did not reduce dramatically to begin with but travel time did
E.G. 1850s it took 6 weeks to cross Atlantic in 1914 about a week
This is an important factor as migrants had to consider loss of wages while on routeThis made temporary migration abroad possible something unthinkable previously in the days of sailing shipsFurthermore if things did not work out in the new world then it wouldn't take too long to returnThe building of the railways
also helped migration as they offered easily access to the ports where the ships departedLandowners in Scotland even sometimes
paid the fare
of the people who were willing to emigrate
Attractions for Scots moving AbroadSlide16
Reasons for Scots moving Abroad
Reason
5
– Better InformationAs transport (and telegraph) systems
improved postal services became more reliableLetters that came from trusted
friends & family proved
to be a reliable account of life and employment overseas – showing better conditions, higher wages, cheap land etc. encouraged people to emigrateRelatives also provided money or paid for tickets & gave help to emigrants when they first arrived encouraging families to reuniteThe
support network of fellow Scots & communities to move into were a huge reason why people movedNewspapers would also tell positive stories
& post letters about the success of emigrants
E.G. Aberdeen
Journal were active in raising interest in
emigration - providing
adverts for ship sailings
, information on
assisted passage
and numerous letters
Guides
were even published that tried to settle emigrate concerns about keeping their language and culture
Finally, the
Emigrants Information
Office
opened in 1886 as a source
of
impartial advice for
migrants
They
offered information
on land
grants
, wages, living cost as well
as
travel
informationSlide17
Reasons for Scots moving Abroad
Reason
6
– GoldA very clear example of a major wave of emigration
was due to the gold rush
In the 1850s around 90,000 Scots left for Australia
alone!
America offered similar attractions The Scots were attracted by the opportunity of making their fortune by discovering goldGold led many Scots to chose these places over CanadaSome were also attracted by the job vacancies
created in these countries as people went in search of gold e.g. catering, school, lay roadsGold could make you a fortune however the reality was often much
harsher
Long, hard days
in
dangerous conditions
Therefore many Scots and their families left Scot to make money as gold huntersSlide18
Better information – newspapers & leaflet
Religion – spread word of godSteamship – quick easy journey & could easily return
Gold
Better Information - Letters from family & friendsPrisoners families following loved one to AustraliaBetter
prospects & living conditionsSkills wanted:Farming, granite, textilesStart a new life via the help of charities
Governments /Agents funding travel & providing landLandowners only offers of helpBack door/stepping stone to USA
Lets See What You Know
Already… What were the opportunities that attracted the Scots abroad
?Slide19
Attractions for Scots moving Abroad
Many needed financial help to move. There were various sources of money:
Landowners
Governments Charities
Emigration societies Colonial governments & Agents
Help to emigrateEmigrating was expensive & money was needed to help pay for the travel costs & build new homes abroad
We are now going to look at the help that was available &
WHY they were going out of their way to make emigrating seem like an attractive ideaThese ones are more difficult – you really need to think WHY they attracted the Scots abroadSlide20
Reason
7
– Help from LandownersMany estate landowners helped with the costs of emigration because they wanted
to reduce the number of people living on their landsThe Duke of Argyll & Sutherland and other large landowners financed emigrating schemes
Offers of funding were linked to eviction which left little chose for the crofter – either take what was being offered
or
leave with nothingSome genuinely tried to help but mostly they were acting for their own best interestsTherefore this might seem like a generous gift however really it was to get people off their landSome helped by
negotiating for land on behalf of their tenants with the governments of countries like CanadaLittle did they know how bad the conditions were to be on board some of the shipsTherefore this attracted Scots abroad as they realised if they did not take the help offered they would be homeless & without much hope of work
Attractions for Scots moving AbroadSlide21
Reasons for Scots moving Abroad
Reason
8
– GovernmentsCanada put
considerable effort into attracting Scots through agents & advertisingMost colonial governments had offices in Scotland and regularly gave
talks and handed out leaflets
advertising the new lands & offering free passages and other inducements (land/jobs)In 1892 the Canadian government appointed 2 full time agents in Scotland who undertook tours of markets, hiring fairs, agricultural shows and village halls
Scots were welcomed due to their skills - finding a job was usually
easy
Also many brought money with them
Canada
hoped for
well-qualified
farmers I order to
develop
their
economy
Our government however did very little to help emigration
I
n the 1880s they gave £10,000 to
help crofters
emigrate
Help was given after WWI because they saw emigrating as a way of dealing with
growing unemployment
The government set up
Overseas Settlement Committee
which tried to settle ex-servicemen overseas
The scheme only lasted until 1923 & helped less than 1/3 of those who applied
In 1922 government passed
Empire Settlement Act
which gave £3 million a year to
help with travel expenses, training & the buying of
land
as a way of relieving
unemployment
Therefore the Scots were attracted by the colonial governments offers of free passage, land & jobs & following WWI were encouraged to leave through similar opportunities from our governmentSlide22
Reason
9
– CharitiesCharities like
Barnardo's did some work in Scotland to help children get out of the poor conditions they were living inMany were able to leave the workhouses to start a new life
Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) sent men to former colonies between WWI & IIThe W
omen's
Emigration Association did the same job for womenWilliam Quarrier who set up children's homes for orphans after making his money from a shoe business, began sending children from his homes to new lives in Canada
– by 1933 he had sent nearly 7,000The Highlands & Island Emigration Society set up to
oversee the process of resettlement
&
helped raise
funds
for emigration to the
empire
B
etween 1846-57
they helped nearly
17,000
move abroad
Their work allowed a
landlord
could secure
passage to Australia for £1 p/p
Therefore the Scots were attracted by the opportunity to start a new life
through help by charities
Attractions for Scots moving AbroadSlide23
Reason 10 – Emigration Societies
Emigration societies were set up to
help & encourage
emigrantsThey were different to charities & were not always government runEmigration agencies would organise their travel
arrangements, help with costs & provide land free or cheap
, as well as start up loansThe money to fund this came from the government & the landowners
They helped people like
weavers who were finding it harder to make a living due to the competition from machines in factoriesThey tried to get money from the government to help families to emigrate, with varying success Emigration societies also helped women
, realising that more women had to migrate in order to balance the populationE.G. by 1850 there were 3 women to every man in ShetlandThe best known society was the
Aberdeen Ladies Union
which send 330 women to Canada between 1883 & 1914
In
1866 the
Emigrant's Information Office
opened which
helped
attract Scots to new lands as they gave
impartial information on
land grants, wages and living costs
.
The problem was that there were many societies and schemes
which
duplicated each others
work
Therefore Scots were attracted by the offer of reliable help
Attractions for Scots moving AbroadSlide24
Reason 11
– Recruiting Agents
Scots were deliberately targeted by companies who
advertised opportunities abroad for Scots
Adverts from shipping companies offered cheap fares & promised a better life to emigrantsAgents travelled to Scotland persuading people to emigrate - they would
give talks in town halls or tour agricultural shows where they would encourage Scots to emigrateTherefore often it wasn’t the poorest who were helped by
these companies but
those who were educated & skilledThey wanted scots as they had the reputation as good workers, had basic education & could read & write, also speaking EnglishCPR (Canadian Pacific Railways) agents travelled around the country giving lectures and providing
information about emigration. The CPR also sought
to
make the lives of the emigrants
significantly
easier by offering
them
ready made farms
(complete
with
housing,
barns and fences
)
included
in the sale of the land.
Some
of the land was
even given
away
for free
!
T
he
British American Land Company
set up in 1833 bought 1 million acres of Canada. They needed people to work to improve the land and make it profitable and attracted them by
paying for their travel
&
offering them jobs
Therefore Scots were attracted to move abroad due to private companies & their agents – they saw constant reminders of what was available overseas via posters, talks given at fairs & were offered jobs, higher wages & homes
Attractions for Scots moving AbroadSlide25
Better information – newspapers & leaflet
Religion – spread word of godSteamship – quick easy journey & could easily return
Gold
Better Information - Letters from family & friendsPrisoners families following loved one to AustraliaBetter
prospects & living conditionsSkills wanted:Farming, granite, textilesStart a new life via the help of charities
Governments /Agents funding travel & providing landLandowners only offers of helpBack door/stepping stone to USA
Lets See What You Know
Already… What were the opportunities that attracted the Scots abroad
?Slide26Slide27Slide28Slide29
TASK – You Be The Teacher
In pairs you are going to mark an ‘essay’ style answer on your ‘How Fully’ Question:
‘
HOW FULLY DOES SOURCE A EXPLAIN THE OPPORTUNITIES THAT ATTRACTED THE SCOTS ABROAD.’
There are many valid points within the answer however there is also many mistakes – see how many you can spot
Using a highlighter pen colour in all other mistakes(Then go back to being a student and…) in your jotter correct the mistakes – you do not need to copy the whole passage out just the key pieces of informationSlide30
Scots were attracted by the opportunity of making their fortune by discovering silver. This ' Silver Rush
' caused many Scots to migrate to other lands for example
France. Some
were also attracted by the job vacancies created in these countries as people went in search of gold. Improved transport made
it much cheaper for Scots to migrate and this attracted them to other lands as it was a safer and slower process. For example the change from sail to
banana boat cut the time to get to America by 1900 from 106 weeks to 101 week.
Scots were attracted abroad by the opportunity to earn higher wages - for example
hat makers could earn in America in 1.5 days what it took them a week to earn at home. Scots were attracted by phone calls from emigrants that had already gone abroad. Often phone calls would encourage them of a
worse life abroad, in some cases these would be published on the internet. Furthermore
Scots were encouraged to emigrate as they knew that there was a 'Scots' based support system out there when they arrived.
Being a member of the Jewish church gave hope to Scots that they would find support where they went.
Some
Scots were attracted by the opportunity of owning
cars.
While
a lack of car
existed in Scotland in places like Canada, USA, NZ and Australia Scottish emigrants had the possibility of buying
cars
cheaply and in some cases for
only free!
Scots
were deliberately targeted by colonial governments who advertised opportunities abroad for Scots. They would give talks in
pub halls or tour fashion shows
where they would encourage Scots to
stay in Scotland.
Scots had the skills - in industry and in
swimming
which were in demand and could be used abroad. Therefore this gave the Scots the opportunity to emigrate for adventure and a better quality of life.
For
example the British American Land Company set up in 1833 bought 1 million acres of
Brazil.
They needed people to work to improve the land and make it profitable and attracted them by paying for their
dinner.
Furthermore
Canada appointed 2 full time
accountants
in Scotland in 1892 who toured markets, agricultural shows and village halls. This grew to 5 by 1897 .
Emigration
agencies would organise their
dinner
arrangements. In some cases they would provide land too. In 1866 the Emigrant's Information Office opened which helped attract Scots to new lands as they gave and information on land grants, wages and living
costs.
S
cots
were attracted by the opportunity to have a new life abroad financed by British institutions.
Financial
support from
sheep or the government also attracted some Scots to travel abroad. In 1922 the Empire Act gave £30 million to assist migration with travel costs and land purchase as a ways of relieving unemployment. The
Oxfam sent men to colonies between the wars. The Highlands and England
emigration scheme raised money and helped very poor crofters go to Australia and Canada and meant a landowner could pay £1 per tenant for settlement in Spain. Mark Away – see how much you enjoy it
Slide31
Scots were attracted by the opportunity of making their fortune by discovering silver.
This ' Silver
Rush
' caused many Scots to migrate to other lands for example France. Some were also attracted by the job vacancies created in these countries as people went in search of
gold. Improved transport made it
much cheaper for Scots to migrate and this attracted them to other lands as it was a safer and
slower process. For example the change from sail to
banana boat cut the time to get to America by 1900 from 106 weeks to 101 week. Scots
were attracted abroad by the opportunity to earn higher wages - for example hat makers could earn in America in 1.5 days what it took them a week to earn at home.
Scots
were attracted by
phone calls
from emigrants that had already gone abroad. Often
phone calls
would encourage them of a
worse
life abroad, in some cases these would be published
on the internet.
Furthermore
Scots were encouraged to emigrate as they knew that there was a 'Scots' based support system out there when they arrived.
Being a member of the
Jewish
church gave hope to Scots that they would find support where they went.
Some
Scots were attracted by the opportunity of owning
cars
.
While
a lack of
car
existed in Scotland in places like Canada, USA, NZ and Australia Scottish emigrants had the possibility of buying
cars
cheaply and in some cases for
only free!
Scots
were deliberately targeted by colonial governments who advertised opportunities abroad for Scots. They would give talks in
pub halls
or tour
fashion
shows
where they would encourage Scots to
stay in Scotland
.
Scots had the skills - in industry and in
swimming
which were in demand and could be used abroad. Therefore this gave the Scots the opportunity to emigrate for adventure and a better quality of life. For example the British American Land Company set up in 1833 bought 1 million acres of
Brazil. They needed people to work to improve the land and make it profitable and attracted them by paying for their dinner.
Furthermore Canada appointed 2 full time accountants in Scotland in 1892 who toured markets, agricultural shows and village halls. This grew to 5 by 1897 .
Emigration
agencies would organise their
dinner
arrangements. In some cases they would provide land too. In 1866 the Emigrant's Information Office opened which helped attract Scots to new lands as they gave and information on land grants, wages and living
costs.
S
cots
were attracted by the opportunity to have a new life abroad financed by British institutions.
Financial
support from
sheep
or the government also attracted some Scots to travel abroad. In 1922 the Empire Act gave £
30
million to assist migration with travel costs and land purchase as a ways of relieving unemployment. The
Oxfam
sent men to colonies between the wars. The Highlands and England emigration scheme raised money and helped very poor crofters go to Australia and Canada and meant a landowner could pay £1 per tenant for settlement in Spain.
Mistakes in Red – what are the correct answersSlide32
Scots were attracted by the opportunity of making their fortune by discovering gold. This ' Gold Rush' caused many Scots to migrate to other lands for example Australia and America. Some were also attracted by the job vacancies created in these countries as people went in search of gold.
Improved
transport made it easier for Scots to migrate and this attracted them to other lands as it was a safer and quicker process. For example the change from sail to steamboat cut the time to get to America by 1900 from 6 weeks to 1
week. Scots were attracted abroad by the opportunity to earn higher wages - for example granite workers could earn in America in 1.5 days what it took them a week to earn at home.
Scots were attracted by news from emigrants that had already gone abroad. Often letters would encourage them of a better life abroad, in some cases these would be published in newspapers.
Furthermore Scots were encouraged to emigrate as they knew that there was a 'Scots' based support system out there when they arrived. Some Scots were attracted by the opportunity of owning land. While land hunger existed in Scotland in places like Canada, USA, NZ and Australia Scottish emigrants had the possibility of buying land cheaply and in some cases for free.
Scots
were deliberately targeted by colonial governments who advertised opportunities abroad for Scots. They would give talks in town halls or tour agricultural shows where they would encourage Scots to emigrate. Scots had the skills - in industry and in farming which were in demand and could be used abroad. Therefore this gave the Scots the opportunity to emigrate for adventure and a better quality of life. For example the British American Land Company set up in 1833 bought 1 million acres of Canada. They needed people to work to improve the land and make it profitable and attracted them by paying for their travel ( passage). Furthermore Canada appointed 2 full time agents in Scotland in 1892 who toured markets, agricultural shows and village halls. This grew to 5 by 1897 .
Emigration agencies would organise their travel arrangements. In some cases they would provide land too. In 1866 the Emigrant's Information Office opened which helped attract Scots to new lands as they gave and information on land grants, wages and living costs.
S
cots
were attracted by the opportunity to have a new life abroad financed by British institutions. Financial support from landlords or the government also attracted some Scots to travel abroad. In 1922 the Empire Act gave £3 million to assist migration with travel costs and land purchase as a ways of relieving unemployment. The YMCA sent men to colonies between the wars.
The
Highlands and Island emigration scheme raised money and helped very poor crofters go to Australia and Canada and meant a landowner could pay £1 per tenant for settlement in Australia.
[
Correct Answers – 12 marks of KUSlide33
As a class what do we think are the 9 most important reasons which attracted the Scot abroad?
Slide34
You have now been taught 24 facts about why the Scots left their homes – divide 16 of them into the table below:
Push
PullSlide35
Pair & Share Task
Each pair will be given a
coloured pen
& have
60 seconds to write down reasons as many ‘Push’ & ‘Pull’ factors to migration
You will then move round the other groups & tick off their sheet the ones which you had remembered &
add answers they don’t have
This will allow you share what you know, see how other groups word answers & ensure that we know at least 6 reasons!Slide36
Evaluation…
Part 2 of Issue 1:
Opportunities
that Attracted the Scots Abroad
I can give at least 10 detailed explanations that explain what attracted the Scots to move abroad
I can clearly differentiate between the ‘Push’ & ‘Pull’ factors that explain the movementSlide37
Incert sources eg compariosn & how fully & how useful