What is a phrase A group of words which makes sense but not complete sense is called a Phrase It is a group of related words without a subject and a finite verb A finite verb must have a tense and agree with its subject in number and person ID: 581520
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Slide1
Phrases & ClausesSlide2
What is a phrase?
A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a Phrase. It is a group of related words without a subject and a finite verb.
A finite verb must have a tense and agree with its subject in number and person.Slide3
Nonfinite Verbs
In English, there are four nonfinite verbs (i.e. they have no tense and take no subject). Usually they're referred to as
verbals
:
The infinitive:
Simple Infinitive:
to eat
Continuous Infinitive:
to be eating
Perfect Infinitive:
to have eaten
The gerund:
Simple gerund:
eating
Perfect Gerund:
having eaten
The present participle:
eating
The past participle:
eatenSlide4
Words/group of words in
italics are phrases
in examples below:
1) The sun rises
in the east
.
2) Humpty Dumpty sat
on a wall
.
3) She wore a hat
with blue trimming
.
4) The accident
on the bridge
was not serious.
5) The girl
with red hair
is an artist.
6) Sara took
a long leave.
7)
Holding the toy
,
the child sleptSlide5
Types of phrases
Adjective Phrases.
Adverb Phrases.
Noun Phrases.
Prepositional Phrases.Slide6
Adjective phrases
The manger was
of great wealth
.
He lives in a house
built of stone.
I like to see a face
with a smile on it.
Each group of the underlined words qualifies a noun just as an adjective does. It therefore does the work of an adjective and is called an
Adjective Phrase.Slide7
Exercise 1
Pick out the Adjective Phrases, in the following sentences.
Wild beasts in small cages are a sorry sight.
He tells a tale with the ring of truth in it.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
A stitch in time saves nine.
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.Slide8
Answers 1
Wild beasts
in small cages
are a sorry sight.
He tells a tale
with the ring of truth
in it.
A friend
in need
is a friend indeed.
A stitch
in time
saves nine.
A bird
in the hand
is
worth two in the bush.Slide9
Adverb Phrases
She ran
with great speed.
He is coming
at this moment.
You can buy it
in all places.
Each group of the underlined words qualifies a verb just as an adverb does. It therefore does the work of an adverb and is called an
Adverb Phrase.
Slide10
Exercise 2
Pick out the Adverb Phrases, in the following sentences.
They lived in the middle of a great wood.
Nothing can live on the moon.
Come into the garden, Sami.
Three fishermen went sailing over the sea.
They fought to the last man.Slide11
Answers 2
They lived
in the middle of a great wood.
Nothing can live
on the moon.
Come
into the garden
, Sami.
Three fishermen went sailing
over the sea
.
They fought
to the last man
.Slide12
Noun Phrases
He wants
to go home.
I tried
to get the sum right.
To win a prize
is my ambition.
Each group of the underlined words is a noun (a subject or an object). It is therefore a
Noun Phrase.
Slide13
Exercise 3
Pick out the Noun Phrases, in the following sentences.
His father wished to speak to the headmaster.
I dislike to punish my students.
He denies stealing the money.
Have you ever tried climbing a mountain?
Horses prefer living in dark stables.Slide14
Answers 3
His father wished
to speak to the headmaster.
I dislike
to punish my students.
He denies
stealing the money.
Have you ever tried
climbing a mountain
?
Horses prefer
living in dark stables
.Slide15
Prepositional Phrases
At the minimum, a prepositional phrase will begin with a preposition end with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the "object" of the preposition.
The object of the preposition will often have one or more modifiers to describe it. Slide16
Here are some examples of the most basic prepositional phrase:
At home
At
= preposition;
home
= noun.
In time
In
= preposition;
time
= noun.
From Sue
From
= preposition;
Sue
= noun.
With me
With
= preposition;
me
= pronoun.
By singing
By
= preposition;
singing
= gerund.Slide17
About what we need
About
= preposition;
what we need
= noun clause.
Most prepositional phrases are longer, like these:
From my grandmother
From
= preposition;
my
= modifier;
grandmother
= noun.
Under the warm blanket
Under
= preposition;
the
,
warm
= modifiers;
blanket
= noun.Slide18
A prepositional phrase will function as an adjective or adverb. As an adjective, the prepositional phrase will answer the question Which one?
Read these examples:
The book
on the bathroom floor
is swollen from shower steam.
Which book? The one
on the bathroom floor
!
The sweet potatoes
in the vegetable bin
are green with mold.
Which sweet potatoes? The ones forgotten
in the vegetable bin
!Slide19
As an adverb, a prepositional phrase will answer questions such as
How
? When? or
Where
?
Faddy is stiff
from yesterday's long football practice
.
How did Faddy get stiff?
From yesterday's long football practice
!
Before class
, Jihad begged his friends for a pencil.
When did Jihad do his begging?
Before class
!
Feeling hungry, we tried the new spicy food
at the Grand Hotel
.
Where did we eat the spicy food?
At the Grand Hotel
!Slide20
What is a clause?
A group of words forms part of a sentence, and contains a subject and a predicate is called a clause as in:
He has a chain
which is made of gold.
Subject (which)
Predicate (is made of gold)Slide21
Types of clauses
Adverb clauses.
Adjective clauses.
Noun clauses.Slide22
Adverb Clauses
You may sit
wherever you like
.
He behaves
as one might expect him to do
.
If you eat too much
, you will be ill.
Each group of the underlined words has a Subject and a Predicate of its own and does the work of an Adverb. It's therefore an
Adverb ClauseSlide23
Exercise 1
Pick out the Adverb Clauses in the following sentences.
Because you have done this I shall punish you.
As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
He finished first though he began late.
Will you wait till I return?
Just as he entered the room the clock struck.Slide24
Answers 1
Because you have done this
I shall punish you.
As he was not there
, I spoke to his brother.
He finished first
though he began late
.
Will you wait
till I return
?
Just as he entered the room
the clock struck.Slide25
Adjective Clauses
Sue had a little lamb
whose fleece was white as snow.
The letter brought money
which was badly needed.
They never fail
who die in a great cause
.
Each group of the underlined words has a Subject and a Predicate of its own and does the work of an Adjective. It's therefore an
Adjective Clause.
Slide26
Exercise 2
Pick out the Adjective Clauses in the following sentences.
The house that I live in belongs to my father.
I have a little shadow which goes in and out with me.
The dog that bites doesn't bark.
He tells a tale that sounds untrue.
It's an ill wind that blows nobody any good.Slide27
Answers
The
house
that I live in
belongs to my father.
I have a little
shadow
which goes in and out with me.
The
dog
that bites
doesn't bark.
He tells a
tale
that sounds untrue
.
It's an ill
wind
that blows nobody any good
.Slide28
Noun Clauses
I expect
that I shall get a prize.
That you should say this
is very strange.
Each group of the underlined words has a subject and a predicate of its own. It is therefore a clause. This clause is the object of the first sentence and the subject of the second sentence so it does the work of a Noun and called a Noun Clause.Slide29
Pick out the Noun Clauses in the following sentences.
I often wonder how you are getting on.
I fear that I shall fail.
That you have come pleases me.
He replied that he would come.
I thought that it would be a fine daySlide30
Answers
I often wonder
how you are getting on.
I fear
that I shall fail
.
That you have come
pleases me.
He replied
that he would come
.
I thought
that it would be a fine da
ySlide31
Exercise: Tick the box opposite to each group of the underlined words according to the right classification.
N/C
Adj
/C
Adv/C
N/ph
Adj
/ph
Adv/ph
Sentences
He
says
that he met your brother
.
1.
I have forgotten
how to play this game.
2.
A man
without an enemy
is a man
with few friends.
3.
He
admitted
that he wrote the letter
.
4.
It grieved me
to hear your illness
.
5.
Before I die
I
hope
to visit Mecca.
6.
Do not talk
like that
.
7.
I was reading a
book
which I had read before
.
8.
This is a matter
of no importance
.
9.
Can a
man
live
whose soul is dead
?
10Slide32
Answers
NC
Adj
/C
Adv/C
N/ph
Adj
/ph
Adv/ph
Sentences
x
He
says
that he met your brother
.
1
x
I have forgotten
how to play this game.
2
x
A man
without an enemy
is a man
with few friends.
3
x
He
admitted
that he wrote the letter
.
4
x
It grieved me
to hear your illness
.
5
x
Before I die
I
hope
to visit Mecca.
6
x
Do not talk
like that
.
7
x
I was reading a
book
which I had read before
.
8
x
This is a matter
of no importance
.
9
x
Can a
man
live
whose soul is dead
?
10