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Slide1
TEN STEPS
to
ADVANCED READING
SECOND EDITION
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TEN STEPS
to
ADVANCED
READINGSECOND EDITIONJohn Langan
©
2013 Townsend PressSlide3
INFERENCES
Chapter 6Slide4
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences
are
ideas that are
not stated directly.
ConclusionsSee
Hear
Read
They are conclusions we draw based on
things we see, hear, and read.Slide5
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
W
hich
inference is most logically based on the information suggested by this cartoon?
A.
The dog requires more than one leash to keep it securely tied to the parking meter.
B
. The dog has eaten the other dogs tied up at the parking meter.Slide6
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
A.
The dog requires more than one leash to keep it securely tied to the parking meter.
B
. The dog has eaten the other dogs tied up at the parking meter.
Three
leashes
are in the mouth of this big, hostile-looking dog
.
3
This is a logical inference.Slide7
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
A.
The dog requires more than one leash to keep it securely tied to the parking meter.
B
.
The dog has eaten the other dogs tied up at the parking meter.
Three other leashes are in the mouth of this big, hostile-looking dog
. This is a logical inference.
3
7
The owner has used only one leash to tie the dog to the parking meter.
The
other leashes are in the dog’s mouth
.
This is
not
a logical inference.Slide8
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
C
.
The dog is ordinarily a friendly dog.
D
.
The dog is waiting for its owner to return.
Which inference is most logically based on the information suggested by this cartoon?Slide9
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
C
.
The dog is ordinarily a friendly dog.
D
. The dog is waiting for its owner to return.
It is a reasonable inference that the owner who tied up the dog will return
—and
will be in for a surprise!
3Slide10
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
C
.
The dog is ordinarily a friendly dog.
D
.
The dog is waiting for its owner to return.
It may or may not ordinarily be a friendly dog, but it doesn’t look friendly here, and it obviously has not been friendly to other dogs.
It is a reasonable inference that the owner who tied up the dog will return
—and
will be in for a surprise!
7
3Slide11
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Discovering the ideas in writing that
a
re not stated directly is called• Making inferences
•
Drawing conclusionsorSlide12
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
In reading, we make logical leaps from
information stated directly
to ideas
that are not stated directly.Information S
tated DirectlyIdeas
Not Stated DirectlySlide13
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
To make inferences, we use all the clues provided by the writer, our own experience, and logic.
Logic
Clues
Provided
Inference
ExperienceSlide14
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
You have already practiced making inferences in the chapter on implied main ideas.Slide15
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
There we
made an inference when we figured out that the implied point of this cartoon is that the newlyweds’ marriage has broken down, just like their car. Slide16
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
In the chapter on implied main ideas, you
used the evidence in selections to figure out main ideas that were implied rather than stated directly.Slide17
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
Inferences in Short PassagesSlide18
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
Mark Twain said: “When I was a boy of 14, my father was so ignorant I could hardly stand to have the old man around. But when I got to be 21, I was astonished at how much the old man had learned in seven years.”
Read this
passage and think about the inferences Twain makes.
/ Inferences in Short PassagesSlide19
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
Mark Twain said: “When I was a boy of 14, my father was so ignorant I could hardly stand to have the old man around. But when I got to be 21, I was astonished at how much the old man had learned in seven years.”
Which inference is logically based on the information provided?
B
. Even old people are capable of learning a great deal.
A
. Teenagers tend to think they know it all and that adults do not./
Inferences in Short PassagesSlide20
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
Mark Twain said: “When I was a boy of 14, my father was so ignorant I could hardly stand to have the old man around. But when I got to be 21, I was astonished at how much the old man had learned in seven years.”
B
.
Even old people are capable of learning a great deal.
A. Teenagers tend to think they know it all and that adults do not.
Experience
tells us that teenagers often think they know more than their parents’ generation.
Twain’s observation is a humorous statement of this truth.
3
/
Inferences in Short PassagesSlide21
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
Mark Twain said: “When I was a boy of 14, my father was so ignorant I could hardly stand to have the old man around. But when I got to be 21, I was astonished at how much the old man had learned in seven years.”
B
.
Even old people are capable of learning a great deal.
A. Teenagers tend to think they know it all and that adults do not.
Twain was 14
when he thought his father was
ignorant. At 21 he
is astonished at the “old man’s”
learning.
These are
clues that it is Twain who has changed, not his father.
But statement
B says the opposite—that it was the father who changed.
Therefore
,
this is
not
a logical inference.
7
Which inference is logically based on the information provided?
/
Inferences in Short Passages
3Slide22
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
Inferences in ParagraphsSlide23
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
S
uppose that you have a ticket to fly to some exotic destination. There will be 200 passengers plus crew on board your plane. But
on the way to the airport, the radio program you are listening to is interrupted by an announcement that five U.S. jets will be hijacked that day. All will crash—and all passengers and crew will die. There is no doubt that five planes will go down, that 1,000 terrified passengers and crew will plunge to their deaths. In spite of the threat, the airlines have decided to stay open for business. Do
you still fly? After all, the chances are good that yours will not be one of the five planes.
My best guess is that you turn around and go home, that U.S. airports will be eerily silent that day. Nicotine kills about 400,000 Americans each year.
This
is the equivalent of five fully loaded, 200-passenger
jets crashing
each and every day—leaving no survivors.
Who
in their right mind would take the risk that their plane will not be among those that crashed?
Yet
that is the risk that smokers take.
Read this
passage and think about the inferences it suggests.
/
Inferences in ParagraphsSlide24
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
S
uppose that you have a ticket to fly to some exotic destination. There will be 200 passengers plus crew on board your plane. But
on the way to the airport, the radio program you are listening to is interrupted by an announcement that five U.S. jets will be hijacked that day. All will crash—and all passengers and crew will die. There is no doubt that five planes will go down, that 1,000 terrified passengers and crew will plunge to their deaths. In spite of the threat, the airlines have decided to stay open for business. Do
you still fly? After all, the chances are good that yours will not be one of the five planes.
My best guess is that you turn around and go home, that U.S. airports will be eerily silent that day. Nicotine kills about 400,000 Americans each year.
This
is the equivalent of five fully loaded, 200-passenger
jets crashing
each and every day—leaving no survivors.
Who
in their right mind would take the risk that their plane will not be among those that crashed?
Yet
that is the risk that smokers take.
Which inference is logically based on the information provided?
B
.
The author implies that chances are good that fewer Americans will smoke in the future.
A
.
The author implies that many Americans don’t like to think about the harmful effects of smoking.
/
Inferences in ParagraphsSlide25
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
S
uppose that you have a ticket to fly to some exotic destination. There will be 200 passengers plus crew on board your plane. But
on the way to the airport, the radio program you are listening to is interrupted by an announcement that five U.S. jets will be hijacked that day. All will crash—and all passengers and crew will die. There is no doubt that five planes will go down, that 1,000 terrified passengers and crew will plunge to their deaths. In spite of the threat, the airlines have decided to stay open for business. Do
you still fly? After all, the chances are good that yours will not be one of the five planes.
My best guess is that you turn around and go home, that U.S. airports will be eerily silent that day. Nicotine kills about 400,000 Americans each year.
This
is the equivalent of five fully loaded, 200-passenger
jets crashing
each and every day—leaving no survivors.
Who
in their right mind would take the risk that their plane will not be among those that crashed?
Yet
that is the risk that smokers take.
B
.
The author implies that chances are good that fewer Americans will smoke in the future.
A
.
The author implies that many Americans don’t like to think about the harmful effects of smoking.
The author presents statistics showing the harmful effects of smoking.
/
Inferences in ParagraphsSlide26
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
S
uppose that you have a ticket to fly to some exotic destination. There will be 200 passengers plus crew on board your plane. But
on the way to the airport, the radio program you are listening to is interrupted by an announcement that five U.S. jets will be hijacked that day. All will crash—and all passengers and crew will die. There is no doubt that five planes will go down, that 1,000 terrified passengers and crew will plunge to their deaths. In spite of the threat, the airlines have decided to stay open for business. Do
you still fly? After all, the chances are good that yours will not be one of the five planes.
My best guess is that you turn around and go home, that U.S. airports will be eerily silent that day. Nicotine kills about 400,000 Americans each year.
This
is the equivalent of five fully loaded, 200-passenger
jets crashing
each and every day—leaving no survivors.
Who
in their right mind would take the risk that their plane will not be among those that crashed?
Yet
that is the risk that smokers take.
B
.
The author implies that chances are good that fewer Americans will smoke in the future.
A
.
The author implies that many Americans don’t like to think about the harmful effects of smoking.
Life
experience
tells us that few people like to think about the negative consequences of their behavior.
/
Inferences in ParagraphsSlide27
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
S
uppose that you have a ticket to fly to some exotic destination. There will be 200 passengers plus crew on board your plane. But
on the way to the airport, the radio program you are listening to is interrupted by an announcement that five U.S. jets will be hijacked that day. All will crash—and all passengers and crew will die. There is no doubt that five planes will go down, that 1,000 terrified passengers and crew will plunge to their deaths. In spite of the threat, the airlines have decided to stay open for business. Do
you still fly? After all, the chances are good that yours will not be one of the five planes.
My best guess is that you turn around and go home, that U.S. airports will be eerily silent that day. Nicotine kills about 400,000 Americans each year.
This
is the equivalent of five fully loaded, 200-passenger
jets crashing
each and every day—leaving no survivors.
Who
in their right mind would take the risk that their plane will not be among those that crashed?
Yet
that is the risk that smokers take.
B
.
The author implies that chances are good that fewer Americans will smoke in the future.
A
.
The author implies that many Americans don’t like to think about the harmful effects of smoking.
This is a logical inference.
3
/
Inferences in ParagraphsSlide28
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
S
uppose that you have a ticket to fly to some exotic destination. There will be 200 passengers plus crew on board your plane. But
on the way to the airport, the radio program you are listening to is interrupted by an announcement that five U.S. jets will be hijacked that day. All will crash—and all passengers and crew will die. There is no doubt that five planes will go down, that 1,000 terrified passengers and crew will plunge to their deaths. In spite of the threat, the airlines have decided to stay open for business. Do
you still fly? After all, the chances are good that yours will not be one of the five planes.
My best guess is that you turn around and go home, that U.S. airports will be eerily silent that day. Nicotine kills about 400,000 Americans each year.
This
is the equivalent of five fully loaded, 200-passenger
jets crashing
each and every day—leaving no survivors.
Who
in their right mind would take the risk that their plane will not be among those that crashed?
Yet
that is the risk that smokers take.
B
.
The author implies that chances are good that fewer Americans will smoke in the future.
A
.
The author implies that many Americans don’t like to think about the harmful effects of smoking.
There is nothing in the passage to indicate that fewer Americans will smoke in the future.
This is
not
a logical inference.
7
/
Inferences in Paragraphs
3Slide29
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
have
decided to stay open for business.
Do you still fly? After
all, the chances are good that yours will not be one of the five planes. My best guess is that you turn around and go home,
that U.S. airports will be eerily silent that day. Nicotine kills
about 400,000 Americans each year. This is the equivalent of five fully loaded, 200-passenger jets crashing
each and every day—leaving no survivors.
Who
in their right mind would take the risk that their plane will not be among those that crashed?
Yet
that is the risk that smokers take.
For instance, in the passage about the risks of smoking, we are told that most Americans would refuse to fly if they knew that jets were to be
hijacked.
1
Never
lose sight of the
available information
.
Guidelines for Making Inferences in Reading
/
Guidelines for Making Inferences in ReadingSlide30
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
For instance, in the passage about the risks of smoking, we are told that most Americans would refuse to fly if they knew that jets were to be
hijacked
. But that many Americans continue to risk their lives despite the known dangers of smoking.
1 Never lose sight of the available information.
/ Guidelines for Making Inferences in Reading
have
decided to stay open for business.
Do
you still fly
? After
all, the chances are good that
yours
will not be one of the five planes.
My
best guess is that you turn around and go
home,
that U.S. airports will be eerily silent that day
.
Nicotine kills
about 400,000 Americans each year.
This
is the equivalent of five fully loaded, 200-passenger
jets crashing
each and every day—leaving no survivors.
Who
in their right mind would take the risk that their plane will not be among those that crashed?
Yet
that is the risk that smokers take.Slide31
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
have
decided to stay open for business.
Do you still fly? After
all, the chances are good that yours will not be one of the five planes. My best guess is that you turn around and go home,
that U.S. airports will be eerily silent that day. Nicotine kills
about 400,000 Americans each year. This is the equivalent of five fully loaded, 200-passenger jets crashing
each and every day—leaving no survivors.
Who
in their right mind would take the risk that their plane will not be among those that crashed?
Yet
that is the risk that smokers take.
On the basis of those facts, we would not conclude that fewer Americans will smoke in the future.
1
Never
lose sight of the
available information
.
/
Guidelines for Making Inferences in ReadingSlide32
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
1
Never lose sight of the available information
. BackgroundInformationand
ExperienceAvailableInformation
Inference
2
Use your
background information
and
experience
to help you in making inferences.
/
Guidelines for Making Inferences in ReadingSlide33
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
Experience
People
don’t like to dwell on the negative consequences of their behavior.
For instance, life experience tells us that people don’t like to dwell on the negative consequences of their behavior.
2
Use your background information and experience to help you in making inferences.
1
Never
lose sight of the
available information
.
/
Guidelines for Making Inferences in ReadingSlide34
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
Experience
People
don’t like to dwell on the negative consequences of their behavior.Available
Information
be silent
that day. Nicotine kills about 400,000 Americans each year.
This
is
the
The increased risk of death is a negative consequence of choosing to smoke.
2
Use your
background information
and
experience
to help you in making inferences.
1
Never
lose sight of the
available information
.
/
Guidelines for Making Inferences in ReadingSlide35
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
American smokers don’t like to think about the harmful effects of smoking.
Inference
Experience
People
don’t like to dwell on the negative consequences of their behavior.
Available
Information
b
e silent
that day
.
Nicotine kills
about 400,000 Americans each year.
This
is
the
2
Use your
background information
and
experience
to help you in making inferences.
1
Never
lose sight of the
available information
.
/
Guidelines for Making Inferences in ReadingSlide36
Instead, consider all of the facts of a case and all the possible explanations.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Reading
3
Consider the alternatives.
Don’t simply accept the first inference that comes to mind.
2 Use your
background information and experience to help you in making inferences.
1
Never
lose sight of the
available information
.
/
Guidelines for Making Inferences in ReadingSlide37
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Literature
Inferences
are very important in reading literature.
Writers of factual material usually state directly much of what they mean
Creative writers, however, often provide verbal pictures that show what they mean.
Factual Material
Point directly stated
Creative Material
Point must be inferredSlide38
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Literature
A
nonfiction writer might write:
It would be really hard to feel the pain that others feel. It is better not to know.
Compare the nonfiction version with this passage from George Eliot’s novel Middlemarch: If we had a keen vision and feeling of all ordinary human life, it would be like hearing the grass grow and the squirrel’s heart beat, and we should die of that roar which lies on the other side of silence. As it is, we walk about well wadded with stupidity.Slide39
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Literature
Eliot uses vivid
images.
These vivid images help us infer a profound human truth—that behind the surface we often carry around a great deal of pain.
If we had a keen vision and feeling of all ordinary human life, it would be like hearing the grass grow and the squirrel’s heart beat, and we should die of that roar which lies on the other side of silence. As it is, we walk about well wadded with stupidity.
We
protect ourselves with ignorance and stupidity so that we will not die from experiencing the pain of others. Slide40
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
A Note on Figures of Speech
Creative writers often use comparisons known as
figures of speech to imply their meanings.
The two most common figures of speech are similes and
metaphors.Inferences in LiteratureSlide41
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
/ Figures of Speech
Simile
A
simile is a comparison introduced with
like, as, or as if.
Snoopy writes about a pair of beautiful eyes that they are “like two supper dishes”!
Can you identify the simile
in this cartoon?
Inferences in LiteratureSlide42
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
If we had a keen vision and feeling of all ordinary human life, it would be like hearing the grass grow and the squirrel’s heart
beat….
Simile
In the quotation from Middlemarch, George Eliot uses two similes.
/ Figures of Speech
Inferences in LiteratureSlide43
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Metaphor
A
metaphor is an implied comparison, with
like, as, or as if omitted.
The 23rd Psalm in the Bible is the source of some of the world’s best-known metaphors, including:
The comparison suggests that God is like a shepherd who looks after his sheep.
The Lord is my shepherd.
/ Figures of Speech
Inferences in LiteratureSlide44
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Metaphor
Here are some other
metaphors:
• The movie was
a bomb.• Her disapproval was
an ice pick to my heart.
• To people searching for information, the Internet is a vast candy store
of facts.
/ Figures of Speech
Inferences in LiteratureSlide45
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Tables and Graphs
At the beginning of this presentation, you made inferences about a picture—this cartoon of the dog:
Other “pictures” that require inferences are tables and
graphs.Slide46
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Tables and Graphs
Tables and graphs
combine words with visual representations.
To infer the ideas presented in tables and graphs, you must consider all the information presented.Slide47
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Tables and Graphs
Steps in Reading a Table
o
r Graph
Following a few simple steps will help you find and make sense of the information in a table or
graph.Slide48
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Tables and Graphs
/ Steps in Reading a Table or GraphSlide49
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Tables and Graphs
1
Read the title.
It will tell you what the table or graph is showing in general./ Steps in Reading a Table or GraphSlide50
1
Read the title.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Tables and Graphs
/ Steps in Reading a Table or Graph
What
is the title of this graph?Slide51
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Tables and Graphs
2
Check
the source.
/ Steps in Reading a Table or GraphAt the bottom of a table or graph, you will usually find the source
of the information, an indication of the reliability of its material.Slide52
2
Check the source.
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Tables and Graphs
/ Steps in Reading a Table or Graph
What is the source of this graph?Slide53
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Tables and Graphs
3
Read
any labels or captions at the top, the side, or underneath.
/ Steps in Reading a Table or GraphThese tell
exactly what each column, line, bar, number, or other item represents.Slide54
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Tables and Graphs
/ Steps in Reading a Table or Graph
This
graph has
five labels.
Label 1
Label 3
Label 2
Label 4
Label 5
3
Read
any labels or captions at the top, the side, or underneath
.Slide55
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Tables and Graphs
Based on the information in the graph, which statement is a logical inference?
B
.
Our REM (rapid eye movement) sleep occurs at about the same time as our deepest sleep.
A. Our deepest sleep occurs early in the sleep cycle.Slide56
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Tables and Graphs
A.
Our deepest sleep occurs early in the sleep cycle.
The graph shows that we are in our deepest sleep in the first three hours or so.
B
.
Our REM (rapid eye movement) sleep occurs at about the same time as our deepest
sleep.
Statement A is a logical inference.
3Slide57
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Tables and Graphs
A.
Our deepest sleep occurs early in the sleep cycle.
O
ur REM sleep occurs in the second part of our sleep cycle, but our deepest sleep occurs in the first part.
Statement B is
not a logical inference.
3
B
.
Our REM (rapid eye movement) sleep occurs at about the same time as our deepest
sleep.
7Slide58
CHAPTER 6 Inferences
Inferences in Tables and Graphs
Our
deepest sleep occurs early in the sleep cycle.
Again, we have
made a leap from
information presented directly
to an
idea
that is
not presented directly
. Slide59
CHAPTER 6 Inferences