direct or inverted and is indicated by the order of the bands with respect to the centromere in the karyotype designation The band closest to the centromere is written first in the short system only the detailed system can pinpoint the exact location of the duplicated segment ID: 913841
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Slide1
Duplications (dup)
The orientation of duplications is either
direct
or
inverted
and is indicated by the order of the bands with respect to the centromere in the karyotype designation.
The band closest to the centromere is written first in the short system; only the detailed system can pinpoint the exact location of the duplicated segment.
Slide246,XY,dup(1)(q21q42)
This is a
direct duplication
of the segment between
bands
q21 and q42 in the long arm of chromosome 1.
46,XX,dup(13)(q34q21)
This is an
inverted duplication
of the segment
between bands q21
and
q21
in the long arm of chromosome 13
.
Slide3Slide4Insertions (ins)
an insertion involves the movement of a segment of
intrachromosomal
material
from one chromosomal location into another.
The recipient can be another chromosome or a different part of the chromosome of origin.
The orientation of the inserted segment may be
direct
, retained in its original orientation, or
inverted
. In inverted insertions, the “normal” orientation of the bands will be reversed with respect to the centromere.
.
Slide5Translocations (t)
A translocation is an abnormality resulting from an
exchange of genetic material
between
two chromosomes
.
46,XY,t(12;14)(q13;q32)
This is a translocation involving two chromosomes. Breaks have occurred at bands q13 and q32.
Slide6Robertsonian
Translocations (rob)
Robertsonian
translocations are a special type of translocation in humans involving the
acrocentric chromosomes
(chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22).
Typically, the participating chromosomes break in their short arms and give the appearance that the long arms fuse to form a single chromosome with a single centromere. If the location of the breakpoints is unproven, “rob” may be used.
Slide7Because the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes contain repetitive ribosomal gene clusters, loss of these arms due to this type of translocation has no phenotypic consequences.
A
karyotype with a single
Robertsonian
translocation by
definition
will have a 45 chromosome
count.
Slide8Slide9Derivative (der) and Recombinant (rec) Chromosomes
Derivative chromosomes are structurally abnormal chromosomes that can be generated in three ways:
More than one rearrangement within a single chromosome
One rearrangement involving two or more chromosomes including rearrangements between chromosome homologues
More than one rearrangement involving two or more chromosomes.
The term
“der”
refers to a chromosome that has an intact centromere.
Slide10Recombinant
Chromosomes
Recombinant chromosomes are structurally rearranged chromosomes with a
new segmental composition resulting from meiotic crossing-over
.
Recombinants usually originate from heterozygotes carrying inversions or insertions, and the term always refers to the chromosome that has an intact centromere.
Slide11The triplet “
rec
” should be used when
the parental karyotypes
are
known
and a parental inversion is identified
.
If
parental karyotypes are
unknown i
n a suspected recombinant, the abnormal chromosome should be designed as a derivative chromosome (
der
).
Slide12Isochromosomes
(
i
)
An
isochromosome
is an abnormal chromosome with two identical arms due to duplication of one arm and loss of the other arm (mirror image of a chromosome from its centromere).
46,XY,i(6)(p10)
An
isochromosome
for the short arm of chromosome 6 has replaced one copy of chromosome 6.
Slide1346,X,i(X)(q10)
This is a female with one normal X chromosome and one
isochromosome
for the long arm of the X chromosome.
This
karyotype is a frequent finding in patients with Turner syndrome
Slide14Isoderivative
Chromosomes (
ider
)
An
isoderivative
chromosome designates an
isochromosome
formation for one of the arms of a derivative chromosome.
46,XY,ider(22)(q10)t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2)
This is an
isoderivative
chromosome comprised of the long arm of the “Philadelphia chromosome.” It is one of the most common
isoderivative
chromosomes seen in cancer
cytogenetics
Slide15Dicentric
(
dic
),
Isodicentric
(
idic
) Chromosomes
These are structurally altered chromosomes
with two centromeres.
In the karyotype description, both
dicentric
and
isodicentric
chromosomes are counted as
one chromosome
without the need to indicate the missing normal chromosome(s).
Slide1645,XY,dic(14;14)(q11.2;q32
)
This represents a
dicentric
chromosome formed
by breakage
and reunion at bands 14q11.2 and 14q32 on
the two
homologous chromosomes 14. However, if a
dicentric
chromosome
is proven to originate through breakage
and reunion
of sister chromatids, it may be designated as
dic
(
14
) (
q11.2q32).
Slide17Additional Material of Unknown Origin (add)
The triplet “add” is used to describe material of
unknown
origin attached to a chromosome region or band
. The material may have come from the same chromosome or another chromosome, and no known mechanism is implied .
46,XX,add(5)(q13)
Material of indeterminate origin is present on chromosome 5 at band q13.
Slide18Marker Chromosomes (mar)
abnormal chromosomes a plus sign is always used when describing the presence of a marker in the karyotype, and marker chromosomes are usually listed last in the nomenclature string.
If multiple markers can be distinguished as distinct from one another, they should be written as +mar1, +mar2; otherwise, +2mar should be used.
Slide1949,XY
,+8,+2mar
An additional copy of chromosome 8 is present, as are
two marker chromosomes.
Slide20Incomplete Karyotypes (
inc
)
Every attempt should be made to describe all aberrations in an abnormal cell or clone. However, when this is not possible (such as when
chromosome morphology is poor
), the triplet “
inc
” is placed at the end of the nomenclature string, after the description of the
identi
fi able abnormalities:
46,XY,del(7)(q22),
inc
[10]
a deletion involving the long arm of chromosome 7. The triplet “
inc
” indicates that other abnormalities are also present but cannot be described.
Slide21Parental Inheritance
When parental inheritance is known, the triplet “mat” for maternally inherited or “pat” for paternally inherited should be used, immediately following the designation of the abnormality.
If multiple different aberrations are inherited from the parents, the parental origin should be designated for each individual aberration even if both aberrations came from the same parent. If the parental chromosomes are normal with respect to the abnormality, the abnormality may be designed as “
dn
” for
de novo.
46,XX,t(8;9)(q13;p13)mat,
inv
(13)(q14q32)mat
Both aberrations were inherited from the mother.
46,XX,t(8;9)(q13;p13)mat,
inv
(13)(q14q32)
dn
The translocation was inherited from the mother and the inversion arose
de novo
.
Slide22Fragile Sites (
fra
)
Chromosomal fragile sites are inherited in a codominant Mendelian fashion and are commonly considered to be normal variants with no phenotypic consequences. Fragile sites have been known to be associated with a specific disease or phenotype, such as the
fragile X syndrome
.Regardless of their biological consequences, fragile sites are denoted by the triplet “
fra
,” for example,
fra
(X)(q27.3).