Genetic Drift is main force for changing allele frequencies How do you define evolution Richard Goldschmidt 1940 hopeful monsters Mutationism HGTWGD Punctuated Equilibrium Few genes large effect ID: 1046322
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1. Motoo Kimura 1968Neutral TheoryGenetic Drift is main force for changing allele frequenciesHow do you define evolution?Richard Goldschmidt 1940hopeful monstersMutationism HGT/WGD!Punctuated EquilibriumFew genes / large effectVilified by Mayr, celebrated 1977 Gould & Evo-devoErnst Mayr 1942NeoDarwinian SynthesisNatural SelectionGradualismMany genes/small effectDario – “Fisher right”Slide from Chris Pires
2. Duplications and EvolutionOhno postulated that gene duplication plays a major role in evolutionSmall scale duplications (SSD)Whole genome duplications (WGD)Polyploid: nucleus contains three or more copies of each chromosomeAutopolyploid: formed within a single species Diploids AA and A’A’ Polyploid AAA’A’Allopolyploid: formed from more than one species Diploids AA and BB Polyploid AABBSusumu Ohno 1970Evolution by gene duplication1R and 2R hypothesis“Junk DNA” 1972Slide from Chris Pires
3. Aside: Gene and genome duplication versus Horizontal Gene Transfer Autochtonous gene/genome duplication are rare in prokaryotesGene family expansion through horizontal gene transfer –the most common process in prokaryotes Gene duplication through lineage fusionVery common in plants, but also in animals