PPT-Lecture 8 Mechanisms of Evolution: Genetic Variation - Horizontal Gene Transfer

October 1 2019 Jeremy Glasner PhD Science 1997 Variation among genomes arises as they diverge from a common ancestor Point mutations introduce small changes in one or the other lineages SNPs small insertions and deletions. Basic Forces (what is needed for an evolvable system). Evolution – Basic Forces. Self-replication - reproduction. Heritability - a system by which characteristics can be passed from one generation to the next (here on Earth, DNA is that system). . Introduction. A species of mockingbird lives in the Apalachicola National Forest. One year, a few of the mockingbirds were born with very long beaks. Over the next several years, the area experienced particularly cold winters. The weather forced the insects in the area to burrow deeper into the ground. Surveys of the mockingbird population showed that the number of long-beaked mockingbirds had increased. What would account for this increase in the number of long-beaked mockingbirds?. Image from about.com . meiosis_metaphase_1.jpg. . Mutations. (changes in an organism’s DNA) are the . original. . source of . all. genetic variation. Mutations create different versions of genes called . Question? . Is the unit of evolution the . individual. or the . population?. Answer = while evolution effects individuals, it can only be tracked through time by looking at populations. So what do we study? . Define the term variation.. Discuss the fact that variation occurs within, as well as between, species.. Describe the differences between continuous and discontinuous variation, using examples of a range of characteristics found in plants, animals and other organisms.. Your Subtitle Goes Here. Introduction. Two objectives:. Major concepts related to human genetic variation.. Relationship between basic biomedical research and the improvement of personal and public health.. You can compare dogs of every breed imaginable! . There is an enormous range of characteristics that are the result of . genetic variation. . . The differences among breeds of dogs are so great that someone might think that many of these breeds are different species. . Unit:09. Lesson: 01. Be prepared to share your response to the following:. Biological evolution happens at the __________ level, not the individual organism level.. All three definitions mention genetic changes or changes in allele frequency within a population from one generation to the next.. Canine and Feline CBR-1 genetic data was obtained from the NCBI database, . and . primers were designed using the . primer designing tool and BLAST on the NCBI database. . The primer walking method was used to sequence CBR-1. The primer walking method is utilized when working with a long sequence. The sequence of interest can be cut into smaller, consecutive .  . Unit 11. 7F. Let’s remember…. An allele is an alternative form of one gene . B stands for black b stands for brown. The allele would be…. Genetic Drift. An evolutionary mechanism in which allele frequencies change in a population. BMI/CS 776 . www.biostat.wisc.edu/bmi776/. Spring 2022. Daifeng. Wang. daifeng.wang@wisc.edu. These slides, excluding third-party material, are licensed under . CC BY-NC 4.0. . by Mark Craven, Colin Dewey, Anthony . Associate Professor. Variation. . Importance of variation. . Types of variation. . Phenotypic variation. Partitioning of phenotypic variation. Causes of phenotypic variation. G. enetic variation. . Fossils provide a record of evolution. . Paleontology is the study of fossils or extinct organisms.. Paleontology provides evidence to support evolution.. Molecular and genetic evidence support fossil and anatomical evidence. . John Woodward and . Ruibin. . Bai. My interest…. We would not attempt to try to write computer programs without the constructs of. R. eusable. . functions (in GP terminology . ADFs. ),. Iteration.