Ark-AHEAD The ADA at 25: - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Ark-AHEAD

The ADA at 25:

Honoring the Past, Strengthening the Present, Guiding the FutureSlide2

This timeline displays significant

events in disability history

Disability History:

A Timeline of EventsSlide3

Individuals with Disabilities in Society

The word “society” means the totality of social relationships among humans. While it can be a term of inclusion it is also defined as a term of exclusion. The roles of individuals with disabilities in society have taken many forms throughout history. Individuals with disabling conditions have always existed in the human population, and as superstitions about disabilities were replaced with growing scientific and medical knowledge, society’s perceptions began to change. The way society addresses education, legislation, advocacy and recreation have had an impact on the “greater society” in which we live that displays significant events in disability history.Slide4

400 B.C.

Hippocrates, the Greek physician, wrote the first work on epilepsy disputing that the disorder was a curse or caused by the gods.

15

th

CenturyThe court fool was a part of the medieval and renaissance court society. Some jesters were disabled either physically or mentally.

1494

Malleus Maleficarum, or translated “The Hammer of the Witches,” is a witch hunting manual which discusses seizures as a characteristic of witches. The manual was written by two Dominican Friars with the authority of the pope.Slide5

1692

The Salem Witch Trials resulted in the hanging of 19 witches, both male and female. It has been purported that some of the 19 were either

intellectually disabled, had

little or no education, or

mentally ill. Fear of what was different played into this community’s persecution of so-called witches

.

1751The Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia, with the help of Benjamin Franklin, is the first hospital to create a special section for the treatment of mental illness and

“mental retardation.”Slide6

1773

Virginia establishes the first hospital solely for the treatment of “idiots, lunatics and other people of unsound mind.”Slide7

1817

Thomas H. Gallaudet established the first free American school for the deaf and hearing impaired. The school was built in Hartford, Connecticut and was named the Connecticut Asylum at Hartford for the Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons and later became know as the American School for the Deaf. Gallaudet was also an advocate of manual training in all schools. Vocational education was added to his school’s curriculum in 1822.

1832

The Perkins School for the Blind is opened in Boston, Massachusetts by Samuel Gridley Howe. Howe became the country’s leading expert on educating the disabled. In 1848, Howe establishes the Massachusetts School for Idiotic Children and Youth, one of the first of its kind in the United States.Slide8

1839

Edouard

Seguin opened the first school for the severely retarded in France. His methods for educating mentally disabled children by using sensory training became famous throughout the world. In 1850 Seguin immigrated to the United States and established other teaching centers that utilized his methods.Slide9

1848

Hervey B. Wilbur opened his private school for idiots in

Barre

, Massachusetts. The Institution for Idiots was in a modest house with about 12 “idiot” students. Wilbur’s system of education for the feebleminded was eventually adopted by several other institutions in the United States.

1855

The Syracuse State School opened with the help of Dr. Hervey Wilbur. The objective of the Syracuse State School was to train “improvable” cases with as much academic work as possible. From there children were trained in either domestic arts or farm work.Slide10

1869

The first wheelchair patent was registered with the United States Patent Office.

1878

Newark State School opened as an experimental branch of Syracuse State School in 1878 and became an independent institution in 1885.

The

original intention of the institution was to instruct females only. This changed with the first boys being admitted in 1932.Slide11

1880

National Association for the Deaf founded to advocate for reforms on behalf of the deaf. Robert P. McGregor is first president. First national convention held in Cincinnati, Ohio. Edwin Booth, Chair of the convention states:

“We have interests peculiar to ourselves which can be taken care of by ourselves.”

1901

National Fraternal Society of the Deaf advocates for the ability to buy life insurance and obtain drivers’ licenses. NFSD had its origins at the Michigan School for the Deaf in Flint, Michigan. Peter N. Heller is the Society’s first president. Slide12

1907Maria Montessori opens her first

Casa

dei

Bambini

or “House of Children.” Montessori developed a successful program of education for learning disabled children that became widely popular. She went on to open several schools throughout the world and in the United States based on her method of developmental stages.1908

Clifford Beers publishes his autobiography,

A Mind That Found Itself, advocating for change in mental institutions. A year after the publication, the National Committee for Mental Hygiene is formed to advocate for changes to the mental health system.1915

Dr. Harry Haiselden allows a disabled newborn to

perish and promotes this as a way to reduce the disabled population. In 1916 the movie “The Black Stork” is produced to further advocate the practice.

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1916

Lewis M.

Terman

perfected the use of the IQ test for American populations. Known as the Stanford-

Binet scale, Terman

convinced American educators of the need for intelligence testing.

Terman proposed that with the use of intelligence testing, feebleminded students could be separated into special classes that focused on “concrete and practical” instruction to become efficient workers.1920

Karl Binding and Alfred Hoche, two German doctors author “Permission for the Destruction of Life Unworthy of Life.” setting the stage for Nazi “euthanasia” projects.

1921

Franklin Roosevelt contracts polio. Elected President of the United States in 1932, Roosevelt tries to his disability.

1921

American Foundation for the Blind formed. Helen Keller raises funds for the foundation.Slide14

1927

Buck v. Bell is heard in the Supreme Court of the United States. The court rules in favor of forced sterilization of the feeble-minded. “We have seen more than once that the public welfare may be called upon the best citizens for their lives. It would be strange if it could not call upon those who already sap the strength of the State for these lesser sacrifices, often not felt to be such by those concerned, in order to prevent our being swamped with incompetence. It is better for all the world, if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind. The principle that sustains compulsory vaccination is broad enough to cover cutting the Fallopian tubes. Jacobson v. Massachusetts,

197 U.S. 11

, 25 S. Ct. 358, 3 Ann.

Cas

. 765. Three generations of imbeciles are enough.”Slide15

1929

Arizona implements a eugenic sterilization law.

1935

The League of the Physically Handicapped is founded in New York City. The League protests discrimination against disabled people regarding placement in federal works programs such as the WPA. They use sit-ins, picket lines and demonstrations to draw attention to their cause.

1939Hitler creates the Committee for the Scientific Treatment of Severe, Genetically Diseased Illnesses. This committee implemented the “

Childrens

Killing Program,” which was responsible for killing children with severe intellectual or physical disabilities. The program was then expanded to include adults with disabilities.Slide16

1940

National Foundation for the Blind is formed in Wilkes-Barr, Pennsylvania by

Jacobus

ten

Broek. They advocate for “white cane laws” for pedestrians to ensure safety and input from the blind for a variety of programs.

American Federation of the Physically Handicapped is formed by Paul Strachan. The group advocates for the end of job discrimination and the establishment of a “National Employ the Handicapped Week.”

In 1958 the federation is dissolved and becomes the National Association of Physically Handicapped.Slide17

1943

The classification of autism was introduced by Dr. Leo

Kanner

of John Hopkins University.

Kanner used the term early infantile autism and the characteristics he described in a paper published in The Nervous Child

are still included in the autism spectrum of disorder.

1945National “Employ the Handicapped Week” was singed by President Harry Truman as Public Law 176. The week was established to create more awareness of the possibilities available to employ the physically handicapped. In 1962, “Employ the Handicapped Week” expanded to include all disabilities and was later changed from just one week to a full month in 1988.Slide18

1954

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka: Separate but equal schools is considered unconstitutional. Lead to the Civil Rights movement giving momentum to disability rights movement. The National Association of Retarded Children along with President Dwight Eisenhower declared the first “National Retarded Children’s

Week.”

This week was established to create awareness among the general public about the need for funding and legislation for the education of

intellectually disabled children

. Funds and legislation were desperately needed to build schools for disabled children.

1960First Paralympic Games held in Rome, Italy. There were officially recognized by the International Olympic Committee.Slide19

1962

The University of California at Berkeley admitted its first significantly disabled student, Edward Roberts. Roberts went on to become a leader and educator in the disability rights movement. In 1970, Roberts founded the Physically Disabled Students Program at Berkeley.Slide20

1963

John

Hessler

, Ed Roberts and others from the Rolling Quads at

UC Berkeley advocating for access on the campus and surrounding community.

1964Civil Rights Act is passed outlawing discrimination based on race. Framework for disability rights legislation.Slide21

1967

The Institute for Human Development (IHD) was established at Northern Arizona University with funds appropriated through Arizona Rehabilitation Services Administration’s Establishment Grants program. Initially, the Institute’s emphasis was vocational rehabilitation. During the mid 1970’s, in response to the Education of All Handicapped Children’s Act, the Institute broadened its scope of work to address the special education needs of children. Today the Institute is concerned with disabilities of all types that occur throughout the life span.Slide22

1970

Judith

Heumann

establishes Disabled in Action in New York City. The organization demonstrates against unfair hiring practices and uses litigation for disability rights.Slide23

1972

Disabled in Action, NationalParaplegia Foundation and other

advocacy groups protest the veto of

the Rehabilitation Act by Richard

Nixon. Demonstrations are held in Washington, D.C.Geraldo Rivera does an expose onthe Willowbrook State School that leads to an immediate federal inquiry. The deplorable conditions of the facility for the mentally retarded were televised and

Willowbrook

became national news.Slide24

1973

The

first self-advocacy conference was held in Victoria Island, British Columbia Canada. The conference was titled, “First Convention for the Mentally Handicapped in North America.” Three residents and two staff members from Oregon’s Fairview Hospital attended the convention and founded People First the next year.

The passage of the 1973 Rehabilitation Act is a large victory for the disability rights movement. The discrimination of the handicapped is addressed for the first time especially in Section 504. Qualified persons seeking employment could not be discriminated against based on their disability. This law would provide the outline for the future Americans with Disabilities Act.Slide25

1975

American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities is established. This organization represents all disabilities for disability rights. Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act passed.

The

Willowbrook

Consent Decree is signed by New York Governor Hugh Carey, which commits New York State to improving community placement for members of the

Willowbrook

class action lawsuit, and later all persons served by the Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities. “The Education for All Handicapped Children Act,” public law 94-142, was passed in 1975. This act allocated federal dollars to states to provide education for children with disabilities. Included in the act were provisions for a free and appropriate education, individualized education program with parental involvement, establishment of due process proceedings, and to provide an education in the least restrictive environment.Slide26

1976

Transbus

group sues the city of Philadelphia to make public buses wheelchair accessible. The group is made up of several advocacy organizations.

Disabled in Action protests the United Cerebral Palsy telethon in New York City.

An amendment to the Higher Education Act of 1972 requiring the provision of services for physically disabled college students is passed.1977Disability rights advocates protest in 10 cities for regulations implementing section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.

White House Conference on Handicapped People includes participation of people with disabilities.

1978Sit-ins held in Denver over the inaccessibility of the public transit system. Federal government begins funding independent living centers. Frank Bowe publishes

Handicapping America considered the text for the disability rights movement.Slide27

1981

Northern Arizona University establishes Disability Support Services as part of the Counseling and Testing Center. 1981 was the International Year of Disabled Persons with ceremonies before the United Nations General Assembly.

Governments

world-wide were asked to promote the acceptance of the disabled into mainstream society. The theme was “full participation and equality” with an emphasis on the rights of the disabled in the larger society.

The International Year of Disabled Persons would later be established as the National Decade of Disabled Persons for the years 1983 to 1992 by President Ronald Reagan.Slide28

1982

National Black Deaf Advocates founded

National Council on Independent Living is formed

1983

ADAPT is established and uses civil disobedience to obtain accessible public transportation and access to public and private buildings1984

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act making polling places accessible. Considered difficult to enforce.

1985New York State holds the first conference for self-advocates with developmental disabilities.Slide29

1990

President George Bush signs the ADA on July 26. The Americans with Disabilities Act was a wide-sweeping civil rights legislation giving protections to individuals with disabilities. Equal opportunity was established for employment, transportation, telecommunications, public accommodations and the state and federal government’s services.Slide30

1991

“Jerry’s Orphans” Organizes the 1

st

annual protest of Jerry Lewis Muscular Dystrophy Association Telethon.

Self Advocates Becoming Empowered was founded during the Second North American People First Conference in Nashville, Tennessee.

1992

International Day of Disabled Persons established by the UN to create awareness and understanding.

1995

American Association of People with Disabilities is founded in Washington D.C.

“The largest national nonprofit cross-disability member organization in the United States, dedicated to ensuring economic self-sufficiency and political empowerment for the more than 56 million Americans with disabilities.”Slide31

1999

Supreme Court rules on Olmstead

v

L.C. and E.W. stating that the ADA requires public agencies to provide services in the most integrated setting. Disability Support Services becomes its own department.

2000Genome Project Maps Human DNA Sequence: The Human Genome Project nears completion. President Clinton and leading scientists announce the completion of a "rough draft" of the DNA sequence (linked strands of protein, the "building blocks" of life) for human life. While some advocates are encouraged with the hope of finding cures and medical breakthroughs, others fear an end of "disability" altogether.

2001

The Commonwealth of Virginia House of Delegates approved a resolution expressing regret for its eugenics practices between 1924 and 1979. President George H.W. Bush signs an executive order, the New Freedom Initiative-a comprehensive program to promote the full participation of people with disabilities in all areas of society by increasing access to assistive and universally designed technologies, expanding educational and employment opportunities, and promoting increased access into daily community life. Part of the

New Freedom Initiative included over $1.75 billion “Money Follows the Person” grant program to support states in building Medicaid programs that enable persons with disabilities to live in their communities. Slide32

2006

The

Road-to-Freedom tour kicked off on November 15th. This 50-state bus tour and photographic exhibit chronicles the history of the grassroots "people's movement" that led to passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA

).

2008

The American with Disabilities Act (ADA) Amendments Act is signed into law. The Act made important clarifications to the ADA to make it easier for individuals with disabilities to fight discrimination. The ADAAA was passed unanimously by both the U.S. House and Senate. Slide33

2009

President Barack Obama signs an executive order to increase federal employment of individuals with disabilities at an event marking the 20th anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities

Act.

2010

The 21st Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act is signed into law. It is called the most significant accessibility legislation since the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990. The Act establishes new safeguards for disability access to ensure that people with disabilities are not left behind as technology changes and the United States migrates to the next generation of Internet-based and digital communication technologies.

The U.S. Department of Justice issues an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rule Making (ANPRM) to consider requiring entities covered under the ADA’s Title III (public accommodations) and Title II (state and local governments) to make their Internet services and websites accessible to individuals with disabilities.