Paul Alivisatos. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Michelle Buchanan. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee Meeting. August 5, 2010. Stemming CO. 2 . Emissions is a Daunting Challenge . ID: 698185
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Presentations text content in Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Slide1
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Paul Alivisatos
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Michelle Buchanan
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee Meeting
August 5, 2010
Slide2
Stemming CO
2
Emissions is a Daunting Challenge
Global energy use accounts for over 85% of the 37
Gt of CO2 released to the atmosphere annually
U.S. Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2010; OECD = Organization Economic Cooperation and Development member countries
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Slide3
Projected global electricity generation shows continued reliance on carbon-based fuels
U.S. Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2010
Slide4
Carbon Capture - a necessary part of the solution
Source: IPCC
Nuclear
Renewables
Efficiency
Coal Substitution
CCS
Cost of Carbon Capture today:
~$80
/ton of CO
2
;
~8c
/
kWh
Parasitic
energy of 25-30%
Slide5
Today’s technologies I – multiple separation approaches
Slide6
Today’s technology II – post combustion amine separations
Slide7
Typical 550 MW coal-fired electrical plant2 million ft
3
of flue gas
per minuteContains CO2, H2O, N2
, O2, NOx, SOx, and ashToday’s technologies III – scope of the problem
Slide8
Co- Chairs
:
Paul
Alivisatos (LBNL)
Michelle Buchanan
(ORNL)
Goal
- To identify the global challenges and fundamental science needed to provide transformative carbon capture technologies in the time frame beyond 2020.
Breakout Session Panel and Leaders
:
Liquids‐Based Absorption
Bill Schneider, Notre Dame University
Peter Cummings, Vanderbilt University
Membranes
Benny Freeman, U. Texas-Austin
Samuel
Stupp
, Northwestern University
Solid Sorbents
Omar Yaghi, U. California-Los Angeles Chris Murray, U. Pennsylvania,
Crosscutting Theory, Modeling, & SimulationBerend Smit, U. California-Berkeley Paulette Clancy, Cornell UniversityCrosscutting Analysis and CharacterizationMurray Gibson, Argonne National LabMartin Zanni, U. Wisconsin-MadisonSponsored Jointly by BES (Lead) and FECarbon Capture: Beyond 2020 March 4‐5, 2010
Slide9
Contents:Introduction
Carbon Capture Technologies
Post Combustion CO
2 CapturePre-Combustion CO
2 CaptureOxy-Combustion Cyrogenic Separations
Status of CO2 Capture Technology Field Testing Materials for Carbon Capture
Liquid Absorbents
Solid Adsorbents Membranes
Alternative Gas Separation Pathways Summary and Technical Challenges
Technology Perspectives-
A Factual Document for the Workshop
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Slide10
Few energy technologies are so far off from the achievable limits! There is a real opportunity here.
The Carbon Capture problem provides inspiration for deep new basic science.
Nanoscience opens up new opportunities to tailor materials for carbon capture - Liquids, membranes, and solids.
A challenge to design complex new interactions utilizing architecture, shape, controlled binding, new triggers, and new approaches to cooperative binding.
Summary of this reportCarbon Capture: Beyond 2020
10
Slide11
Liquid Absorbents: S
olubility and Pressure
CO
2
CO
2
A-CO
2
A-CO
2
A
P
CO2
c
CO2
O
2
N
2
H
2
O
liquid
gas
WE NEED TO BE ABLE TO CONTROL
THESE ISOTHERMS
A + CO
2
(g) ↔ A⋅CO
2
K
eq
(
T
)
Slide12
Fundamental Challenges in Liquid Absorbents
Can the non-ideal solution behavior in mixtures be predicted and exploited?
Can chemically / thermally stable materials be designed with high and reversible reactivity and specificity? Ionic Liquids…
How do we use both enthalpy AND entropy for separations? How do we vary these ‘independently’?
Δ
G
=
Δ
H
–
T
∆
S
Gas-liquid interface controls kinetics – studies of structure and dynamics
Can complex fluids be employed?
Slide13
Intermolecular interactions of gases dissolved in liquidsUnderstand chemical and physical changes, dynamics, effects of complex mixturesNew chemistries and systems
Understand and independently control thermodynamic, kinetic, and transport characteristics of absorbents to cause controlled, reversible reactions with CO
2
Non-ideal absorptionPredict and use differences in shape and size (entropy) as an alternative to differences in interaction energy (enthalpy) to achieve both high capacity and high selectivity
Novel Solvents and ChemistriesCarbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Slide14
Understand the concentration and chemical state of targeted gases at liquid interfacesNew analytical and computational tools to examine both static and dynamic processes
Tailor surface chemistry to enhance reactivity and improve reversibility/
switchability
Design new tailored systems for faciitated transport mechanisms
Interfacial processes and kineticsCarbon Capture: Beyond 2020
CO
2
switches a solvent between non-ionic and ionic states
Slide15
Membrane Separations: Solubility and Diffusivity
Separation based on selective permeation of targeted gas
Selectivity based on relative solubility and diffusivity in membrane
Selectivity is not 100%
Membranes often have multiple layers with different functions
Trade-off on selectivity and permeability—need to have both
Change in pressure needed to drive separation
Slide16
High temperature transport membranes
– a possible model for CO
2
?
Slide17
New classes of “polymeric” membranes
Polymer-peptide block co-polymers
Electro-spun block copolymers
Many other new configurations…
Separate problems of
interaction energy tuning fromproblems of thin membrane integrity
Slide18
Bio-inspired approaches – especially new triggers
Slide19
Fundamental Challenges in Membranes
How can chemical and physical properties be used to design new membrane materials for enhanced performance?
Can new energy efficient driving forces be developed?
Can the structures and driving forces used by nature provide inspiration for new membranes?
What is the relationship between nano-scale structure and separation performance?
Can new materials be designed with nanoscale structures to enhance transport and selectivity?
Slide20
A rapidly expanding library of porous materials
Continuous innovation in control of:
Pore structure/ connectivity
Dimensionality and symmetry
Adsorbate site interactions
Slide21
Solid adsorption can occur via two mechanisms on particles or in porous solids
Physisorption
via weak interactions
Chemisorption via covalent bonds
Porous solid adsorbent material can be designed to be highly size- and shape-selectiveRequires selective removal of targeted gas and efficient recycling of materialRequires high capacity for targeted gas
Solid
Adsorbants
: Tunable Structures
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Slide22
New synthetic approaches for 3D nanoscale membrane and solid sorbent materials, including self-assembly Understanding of key structural, physical and chemical features that will allow fine-tuning of guest binding and release
Understanding structural dynamics, transport dynamics at broad length scales in 3D structures
Hierarchical Environments for Carbon Capture
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
ZIF-69 has
substantially greater uptake capacity for CO2
over CO (Yaghi)
Slide23
New materials that respond to gas bindingDesign new material that CO2 absorption/desorption would result in a structural or chemical change
Resulting process is more thermo-neutral, alleviating energetic penalty
Non-linear responses
Exploit local effects to absorb multiple gas moleculesNanoscale confinement to act as mechanical sponges
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DownloadNote - The PPT/PDF document "Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Presentations text content in Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Paul Alivisatos
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Michelle Buchanan
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee Meeting
August 5, 2010
Slide2Stemming CO
2
Emissions is a Daunting Challenge
Global energy use accounts for over 85% of the 37
Gt of CO2 released to the atmosphere annually
U.S. Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2010; OECD = Organization Economic Cooperation and Development member countries
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Slide3Projected global electricity generation shows continued reliance on carbon-based fuels
U.S. Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2010
Slide4Carbon Capture - a necessary part of the solution
Source: IPCC
Nuclear
Renewables
Efficiency
Coal Substitution
CCS
Cost of Carbon Capture today:
~$80
/ton of CO
2
;
~8c
/
kWh
Parasitic
energy of 25-30%
Slide5Today’s technologies I – multiple separation approaches
Slide6Today’s technology II – post combustion amine separations
Slide7Typical 550 MW coal-fired electrical plant2 million ft
3
of flue gas
per minuteContains CO2, H2O, N2
, O2, NOx, SOx, and ashToday’s technologies III – scope of the problem
Slide8Co- Chairs
:
Paul
Alivisatos (LBNL)
Michelle Buchanan
(ORNL)
Goal
- To identify the global challenges and fundamental science needed to provide transformative carbon capture technologies in the time frame beyond 2020.
Breakout Session Panel and Leaders
:
Liquids‐Based Absorption
Bill Schneider, Notre Dame University
Peter Cummings, Vanderbilt University
Membranes
Benny Freeman, U. Texas-Austin
Samuel
Stupp
, Northwestern University
Solid Sorbents
Omar Yaghi, U. California-Los Angeles Chris Murray, U. Pennsylvania,
Crosscutting Theory, Modeling, & SimulationBerend Smit, U. California-Berkeley Paulette Clancy, Cornell UniversityCrosscutting Analysis and CharacterizationMurray Gibson, Argonne National LabMartin Zanni, U. Wisconsin-MadisonSponsored Jointly by BES (Lead) and FECarbon Capture: Beyond 2020 March 4‐5, 2010
Slide9Contents:Introduction
Carbon Capture Technologies
Post Combustion CO
2 CapturePre-Combustion CO
2 CaptureOxy-Combustion Cyrogenic Separations
Status of CO2 Capture Technology Field Testing Materials for Carbon Capture
Liquid Absorbents
Solid Adsorbents Membranes
Alternative Gas Separation Pathways Summary and Technical Challenges
Technology Perspectives-
A Factual Document for the Workshop
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Slide10Few energy technologies are so far off from the achievable limits! There is a real opportunity here.
The Carbon Capture problem provides inspiration for deep new basic science.
Nanoscience opens up new opportunities to tailor materials for carbon capture - Liquids, membranes, and solids.
A challenge to design complex new interactions utilizing architecture, shape, controlled binding, new triggers, and new approaches to cooperative binding.
Summary of this reportCarbon Capture: Beyond 2020
10
Slide11Liquid Absorbents: S
olubility and Pressure
CO
2
CO
2
A-CO
2
A-CO
2
A
P
CO2
c
CO2
O
2
N
2
H
2
O
liquid
gas
WE NEED TO BE ABLE TO CONTROL
THESE ISOTHERMS
A + CO
2
(g) ↔ A⋅CO
2
K
eq
(
T
)
Slide12Fundamental Challenges in Liquid Absorbents
Can the non-ideal solution behavior in mixtures be predicted and exploited?
Can chemically / thermally stable materials be designed with high and reversible reactivity and specificity? Ionic Liquids…
How do we use both enthalpy AND entropy for separations? How do we vary these ‘independently’?
Δ
G
=
Δ
H
–
T
∆
S
Gas-liquid interface controls kinetics – studies of structure and dynamics
Can complex fluids be employed?
Slide13Intermolecular interactions of gases dissolved in liquidsUnderstand chemical and physical changes, dynamics, effects of complex mixturesNew chemistries and systems
Understand and independently control thermodynamic, kinetic, and transport characteristics of absorbents to cause controlled, reversible reactions with CO
2
Non-ideal absorptionPredict and use differences in shape and size (entropy) as an alternative to differences in interaction energy (enthalpy) to achieve both high capacity and high selectivity
Novel Solvents and ChemistriesCarbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Slide14Understand the concentration and chemical state of targeted gases at liquid interfacesNew analytical and computational tools to examine both static and dynamic processes
Tailor surface chemistry to enhance reactivity and improve reversibility/
switchability
Design new tailored systems for faciitated transport mechanisms
Interfacial processes and kineticsCarbon Capture: Beyond 2020
CO
2
switches a solvent between non-ionic and ionic states
Slide15Membrane Separations: Solubility and Diffusivity
Separation based on selective permeation of targeted gas
Selectivity based on relative solubility and diffusivity in membrane
Selectivity is not 100%
Membranes often have multiple layers with different functions
Trade-off on selectivity and permeability—need to have both
Change in pressure needed to drive separation
Slide16High temperature transport membranes
– a possible model for CO
2
?
Slide17New classes of “polymeric” membranes
Polymer-peptide block co-polymers
Electro-spun block copolymers
Many other new configurations…
Separate problems of
interaction energy tuning fromproblems of thin membrane integrity
Slide18Bio-inspired approaches – especially new triggers
Slide19Fundamental Challenges in Membranes
How can chemical and physical properties be used to design new membrane materials for enhanced performance?
Can new energy efficient driving forces be developed?
Can the structures and driving forces used by nature provide inspiration for new membranes?
What is the relationship between nano-scale structure and separation performance?
Can new materials be designed with nanoscale structures to enhance transport and selectivity?
Slide20A rapidly expanding library of porous materials
Continuous innovation in control of:
Pore structure/ connectivity
Dimensionality and symmetry
Adsorbate site interactions
Slide21Solid adsorption can occur via two mechanisms on particles or in porous solids
Physisorption
via weak interactions
Chemisorption via covalent bonds
Porous solid adsorbent material can be designed to be highly size- and shape-selectiveRequires selective removal of targeted gas and efficient recycling of materialRequires high capacity for targeted gas
Solid
Adsorbants
: Tunable Structures
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Slide22New synthetic approaches for 3D nanoscale membrane and solid sorbent materials, including self-assembly Understanding of key structural, physical and chemical features that will allow fine-tuning of guest binding and release
Understanding structural dynamics, transport dynamics at broad length scales in 3D structures
Hierarchical Environments for Carbon Capture
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
ZIF-69 has
substantially greater uptake capacity for CO2
over CO (Yaghi)
Slide23New materials that respond to gas bindingDesign new material that CO2 absorption/desorption would result in a structural or chemical change
Resulting process is more thermo-neutral, alleviating energetic penalty
Non-linear responses
Exploit local effects to absorb multiple gas moleculesNanoscale confinement to act as mechanical sponges
Exploiting Cooperative PhenomenaCarbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Neutron studies at NIST revealed that structure of ZIF changes with sorption of CD4
Slide24Fundamental Challenges in Solid Sorbents
Can theory predict new materials based on structure/property relationships?
Can physical and chemical phenomena be understood and controlled at the nanoscale to design materials with tuned composition and particle size?
Can materials with novel architectures permit highly selectivity uptake and efficient release of target gases?
How can huge energetic penalties associated with stripping be alleviated?
Slide25Cross-Cutting Science for Carbon Capture
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
New Capture and Release Triggers
Materials and methods to realize new mechanisms for binding and/or release of target gases
Advances in Characterization
New tools for
in situ
and multi-dimensional analysis of structure and dynamics over broad spatial and temporal scales
Theory, Modeling and Simulation
New computational tools to understand and predict structure, dynamics, and interactions of materials and target gases
Slide26Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
26
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
26
Technology Maturation
& Deployment
Applied Research
Grand
Challenges
Discovery
and Use-Inspired Basic Research
Design and synthesis of hierarchical materials tailored on multiple length scales, from atomic to macroscopic
Predict and control properties of materials and chemical processes far from equilibrium
Conceive new materials and processes inspired by nature
Understand, predict, and control structure and dynamics of systems to obtain desired function
BESAC & BES Basic Research Needs Workshops
BESAC Grand Challenges Report
DOE Technology Office/Industry Roadmaps
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Basic Energy Sciences
Goal: new knowledge / understanding
Mandate: open-ended
Focus: phenomena
Metric: knowledge generation
DOE Technology Offices:
FE
,
EERE
Goal: practical targets
Mandate: restricted to target
Focus: performance
Metric: milestone achievement
Demonstrate efficiencies and kinetics of separation systems at bench scale
Assess systems with simulated gas streams
Evaluate and benchmark systems with respect to cost, recyclability, lifetimes
Develop advanced separation systems with modeling, testing and analysis
Demonstrate use of advanced systems at pilot scale
Optimize process design and
integration
with
combustion
systems
Validate performance in
field
demonstrations
Evaluate cost
reduction
and scale-up
Couple characterization and computational tools to guide the synthesis of revolutionary new materials
Discover new trigger mechanisms to provide efficient gas uptake and release
Understand CO
2
and O
2
chemistry and transport in solution, at interfaces, and in confined spaces
Understand and predict interactions in complex environments
Discover “smart” materials that respond to stimuli for capture / release of target gases
Design durable materials optimized for both high permeability and high selectivity
Enable multi-dimensional analysis of capture and release processes
in situ
Characterize structure and dynamics of materials (solid, liquid, gas) and interfaces
in situ
across broad temporal and spatial scales
Slide27If you are looking for a new problem to work on…
Carbon Capture seems like a really great one