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Slide1
Please turn to pg. 360.
Ch. 16:
Human Geography of Russia & the Republics Slide2
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The test review you received last time will not be collected for a daily grade, but please bring your completed review to class on Tues./Wed. Slide3
Russia & the Western Republics
Russia
Estonia
Latvia
LithuaniaBelarusMoldovaUkraine
Baltic
Republics
Eastern EuropeSlide4
A Rich Culture
Significant ethnic diversity
Dominant religion: Orthodox
Christianity
A significant percentage of the population is atheist because practicing religion—at least openly—is usually not legal in communist countries. Why? Whom/what do religious adherents worship, and why might the
gov’t perceive this behavior as a threat?
Artistic genius: Dostoyevsky (writer), Tchaikovsky (musician), Baryshnikov (ballet dancer)The Baltic republics identify strongly with Europe—why?Slide5
Orthodox churches
St. Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow
Onion domes help to prevent the accumulation of snow during the winter.Slide6
Visual Art: Socialist Realism
The Communist Party in the Soviet Union outlawed art that was not produced in the official style of socialist realism, which promoted Soviet ideals.Slide7
Examples of Socialist Realism
“Be Watchful and Shrewd”Slide8
Examples of Socialist Realism
“Country and Party First”Slide9
Examples of Socialist Realism
“Don’t babble. Keep your tongue behind your teeth!”Slide10
Examples of Socialist Realism
“In capitalist countries…In socialist countries!”Slide11
Examples of Socialist Realism
“Kill the Imperialist Monster.”Slide12
Tradition & Change in Russian Life
Since the fall of the USSR, more open to the influence of other countries, especially those in the West
Tradition is still honored and preserved.
Dachas
—second homes in rural areas owned by urban dwellers; usually small & plain with vegetable gardensBanyas—bathhouse combining a dry sauna, a steam bath, and—usually—a plunge into icy water afterwardsSlide13
dachaSlide14
Lavish dachaSlide15
banyaSlide16
banyaSlide17
Chernobyl
April 26, 1986--meltdown at a nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, Ukraine (north, near border with Belarus)
Considered the world’s worst nuclear accident until the meltdown at Fukushima, Japan in 2011
Death toll 1986-2004=almost one million people
2000 estimate suggested that the health of 3.4 million of Ukraine’s 50 million people was adversely affected.
100,000 sq. mi. of land in Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus was contaminated.Approximately 250,000 had to be evacuated & resettled.
Costs related to the disaster estimated at $300 billion+.Slide18
ChernobylSlide19
ChernobylSlide20
ChernobylSlide21
ChernobylSlide22
ChernobylSlide23
ChernobylSlide24
ChernobylSlide25
ChernobylSlide26
TRANSCAUCASIA
Georgia
Armenia
AzerbaijanSlide27
A Gateway of Migration
Long used as a migration route, especially between Asia and Europe
Presence of many trade
routes
significant cultural diversity
Cultural diversitytension that was rarely expressed as open hostility during the Soviet era
Significant violence following collapse of the USSRDominant religions=Christianity & IslamSlide28
Armenia—first officially Christian country in the world
Noravank—13
th
century monastery in ArmeniaSlide29
Economic Potential
Agriculture in humid subtropical lowlands and foothills—tea and grapes
“land of flames”—oil in AzerbaijanSlide30
Dividing the Caspian Sea
Is it a sea? If so, each country has the legal right to resources on its own sea bed.
If it’s a lake, most of the resource wealth is required by law to be shared by each of the countries bordering the Caspian.
Map, pg. 373
How might development of the significant oil reserves in this region affect the physical environment?Slide31
Dividing the Caspian Sea
Azerbaijan has large oil reserves off its coast. Would it want the Caspian to be a sea or a lake?
Russia has few offshore reserves. Would it want the Caspian to be called a sea or a lake?Slide32
Modern Life in Transcaucasia
Literacy rates rose to 99% under Soviet rule, and education remains a high priority.
Mealtime celebrations are important.
Supra
=Georgian dinner party involving large quantities of food and drinkSlide33
supraSlide34
CENTRAL ASIA
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
TurkmenistanUzbekistan Slide35
A Historical Crossroads
Traders called the ancient route between China and the Mediterranean Sea the Silk Road.
Movement--In addition to goods, ideas, technology, & religion were spread.Slide36
The Great Game
Interest in this region exploded during the 19
th
century when the British and Russian empires struggled to control it.
The British didn’t want the southward moving Russians to threaten British control of India.The struggle between these two empires is known as the
Great Game.Slide37
The Great GameSlide38
An Uncertain Economic Future
Until the late 1980s, the center of Soviet nuclear testing was in present day Kazakhstan.
Between 1949 and 1989, 470 nuclear devices were exploded in “the polygon,” a vast nuclear testing site.
Effects—cracked walls in buildings; widespread health problems such as leukemia, thyroid cancer, birth defects, and mental illness
What sorts of effects do these health problems have on families and the economy?
Oil & gas reserves have potential to bring significant wealth to the region.Slide39
An Uncertain Economic FutureSlide40
An Uncertain Economic FutureSlide41
An Uncertain Economic FutureSlide42
Cultures Divided & Conquered
Republics divided among ethnic groups although significant minorities of neighboring groups exist.
Soviet leaders tried to prevent opposition to their authority by using the tensions that existed among the ethnic groups.
Dominant religion today: Islam
Many people in Central Asia speak Turkish languages and Russian.Slide43
The Survival of Tradition
Expansive grasslands are ideal grounds for
nomads
, people who have no permanent home.
The number of nomads decreased under Soviet rule because people were forced onto collective farms.Some nomads still live in the region today.
Yurts, tents that usually consist of several layers of felt stretched around a wooden frame, are among nomads’ most valuable possessions.Slide44
YurtSlide45
REGIONAL ISSUES