Presentation on theme: "THE ROLE OF TAXPAYER ADVOCATES AND OMBUDS IN PROMOTING PROC"— Presentation transcript
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THE ROLE OF TAXPAYER ADVOCATES AND OMBUDS IN PROMOTING PROCEDURAL JUSTICE AND TAX MORALE
International Conference on Taxpayer RightsNovember 2015Slide2
Procedural Justice“Procedural justice includes two issues:
fair decision making (voice, neutrality) – i.e., participatory, neutral, transparent, rule based; consistent decision-making -- fair interpersonal treatment (treatment with dignity/respect; trust in authorities)
– i.e., treatment involving respect for people; respect for their rights; treatment with dignity and courtesy; care and concern from authorities.
Such
issues can be considered at the institutional level and/or in terms of the actions of particular individuals.”--- Tom Tyler, Legitimacy and Criminal Justice: The benefits of self-regulation (2009)
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Tax Morale“If people hate taxes so much why do they pay them? The common, seemingly obvious, answer – fear of being caught cheating – is only a partial answer. . . .The key to this puzzle is ‘tax morale,’ the collective name for all the non-rational factors and motivations – such as social norms, personal values and various cognitive processes – that strongly affect an individual’s voluntary compliance with laws. Higher tax morale correlates with higher tax compliance.”
--Marjorie E. Kornhauser, Normative and Cognitive Aspects of Tax Compliance: Literature Review and Recommendations for the IRS Regarding Individual Taxpayers
(2007).
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Office of the Taxpayer AdvocateInternal Revenue Code § 7803(c) describes the mission and duties of the office:A
ssist taxpayers in resolving problems with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS);Identify areas in which taxpayers have problems in dealings with the IRS;To the extent possible, propose changes in the administrative practices of the IRS to mitigate problems identified; andIdentify potential legislative changes which may be appropriate to mitigate such problems.
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How does TAS accomplish its mission?Case Advocacy: 78 Local Taxpayer Advocate offices advocate with respect to specific taxpayer cases; by statute, at least one must be located in each state; includes Technical Advisors as subject matter experts.
Systemic Advocacy: Analysts identify, analyze, and advocate with respect to systemic taxpayer problems; participate in IRS teams; review IRS guidance to employees.5Slide6
How does TAS accomplish its mission?Research Function: Conducts applied research studies and reviews all data cited in NTA Reports to Congress and testimony; provides analyses for TAS business operations.
Attorney-Advisors: Support the NTA in all her duties, especially the Annual Reports to Congress and review and comments on Regulations.Headquarters: Includes Business Modernization (IT), Finance, Training, Business Analytics.
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Basic TAS Demographics1,900 Employees, including 800 Case AdvocatesTAS cases involve all types of issues: Audit, Assessment, Collection, Processing Problems, Taxpayer Rights.
FY 2015: 227,189 cases received by TAS case advocacy.FY 2015 cases closed: 78.4% relief rate.TAS has over 100 different issue codes for categorizing cases: In FY 15, 61% of cases involved more than 1 issue, 18% involve 2 or more issues
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Types of TAS Cases
Top Ten Primary Issues (FY 2015)
Total Receipts
Economic Burden Receipts
FY 2015
FY 2014
% Change
FY 2015
FY 2014
% Change
Identity Theft
56,174
43,690
28.6%
40,284
31,160
29.3%
Pre-Refund Wage Verification Hold
40,633
35,220
15.4%
25,20620,91720.5% Processing Amended Return11,84710,24515.6%5,3314,71313.1% Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)10,88013,450-19.1%8,54510,519-18.8% Levies7,9778,086-1.3%7,0747,206-1.8% Processing Original Return7,1487,664-6.7%4,4794,669-4.1% Reconsideration/SFR/6020B/Audit6,7236,768-0.7%2,3102,388-3.3% Unpostable/Reject6,0573,75161.5%4,9542,82975.1% Returned/Stopped Refunds4,6123,27141.0%2,5171,55961.4% Injured Spouse Claim4,6047,284-36.8%3,7466,104-38.6%Top Ten Receipts:156,655139,42912.4%104,44692,06413.4%All other Receipts:70,534 77,268 -8.7%31,02332,668 -5.0%Total Receipts:227,189216,6974.8%135,469124,7328.6%
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Types of FY 15 TAS Cases59% (133,313) involved Wage & Investment taxpayers
40% (91,183) involved Small Business/Self-Employed Taxpayers1% (2,269) involved Tax Exempt/Government Entities Taxpayers< 1% (747) involved Large Business/International Taxpayers
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Additional DemographicsSince it stood up in 2000, TAS has assisted about 3.7 million taxpayers in resolving their problems with the IRS.
That is a lot of taxpayers!10Slide11
The Right to a Fair and Just Tax SystemTaxpayers have the right to expect the tax system to consider facts and circumstances that might affect their underlying liabilities, ability to pay, or ability to provide information timely.
Taxpayers have the right to receive assistance from the Taxpayer Advocate Service if they are experiencing financial difficulty or if the IRS has not resolved their tax issues properly and timely through its normal channels.11Slide12
Key Attributes of an Effective Taxpayer Advocate/OmbudsIndependence
TransparencyQuestion: How to achieve this while maintaining open communication with the tax agency?Question: How to gain and keep taxpayer trust if advocate/ombuds is within the tax agency?
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IndependenceAppointment Authority of National Taxpayer Advocate -- IRC 7803(c)(1)(B)(ii)
Career Path Limitations -- IRC 7803(c)(1)(B)(iv)Mandatory Statement of Independence -- IRC 7803(c)(4)(A)(iii) Confidentiality -- IRC 7803(c)(4)(A)(iv) Independent Communications -- IRC 7803(c)(4)(B)
Taxpayer Assistance Order (TAO) -- IRC § 7811
Taxpayer Advocate Directive (TAD) -- Del. Order 13-3
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Mandatory Statement of IndependenceEach local taxpayer advocate shall, at the initial meeting with any taxpayer seeking the assistance of a local office of the taxpayer advocate, notify such taxpayer that the taxpayer advocate offices operate independently of any other IRS office and report directly to Congress through the National Taxpayer Advocate. IRC 7803(c)(4)(A)(iii).
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ConfidentialityEach local taxpayer advocate may, at the taxpayer advocate’s discretion, not disclose to the IRS contact with, or information provided by, such taxpayer. IRC 7803(c)(4)(A)(iv).
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CommunicationsEach local office of the taxpayer advocate shall maintain a separate phone, facsimile, and other electronic communication access, and a separate post office address. IRC 7803(c)(4)(B).
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Taxpayer Assistance Order (TAO)Issued by the National Taxpayer Advocate (and her delegates) where the taxpayer is suffering or about to suffer a significant hardship as a result of the manner in which the internal revenue laws are being administered by the Secretary. IRC 7811(a)(1).
Significant Hardship = economic burden; systemic burden; impairment of rights; serious privation (more than mere economic or personal inconvenience). (IRC 7811(a)(2) and Treas. Reg. § 301.7811-1(a)(4)(ii).
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Taxpayer Assistance OrderMay require the Secretary of the Treasury within a specified time period to:
(1) to release property of the taxpayer levied upon, or(2) to cease any action, take any action as permitted by law, or refrain from taking any action, with respect to the taxpayer [with respect to collection, bankruptcy and receiverships, discovery of liability and enforcement of title,] or any other provision of law which is specifically described by the National Taxpayer Advocate in such order. IRC 7811(b)(1) and (2).
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Taxpayer Assistance OrderAny TAO issued by the NTA may be modified or rescinded –
only by the NTA, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, or the Deputy Commissioner of Internal Revenue, and(2) only if a written explanation of the reasons for the modification or rescission is provided to the NTA. IRC 7811(c).19Slide20
Taxpayer Assistance OrderBUT, in her Annual Report to Congress, the NTA must: “Identify any Taxpayer Assistance Order which was not honored by the Internal Revenue Service in a timely manner . . . .”
IRC 7803(c)(2)(B)(ii)(VII).20Slide21
Taxpayer Advocate Directive (TAD)A TAD may be issued to
mandate administrative or procedural changes to improve the operation of a functional process, or grant relief to groups of taxpayers (or all taxpayers) when its implementation will protect the rights of taxpayers, prevent undue burden, ensure equitable treatment, or provide an essential service to taxpayers.
Delegation
Order 13-3 (formerly DO-250, Rev. 1),
Authority to Issue Taxpayer Advocate Directives (Jan. 17, 2001). See also IRM 13.2.1.6, Taxpayer Advocate Directives (July 16, 2009).
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TransparencyAnnual Reports to Congress:(1) Objectives Report to Congress: delivered by June 30 of each year, NTA reports on objectives of her office for the upcoming fiscal year, including “full and substantive analysis, in addition to statistical information.”
(2) Annual Report to Congress: delivered by December 31 of each year, NTA reports on the activities of her office during the past fiscal year.22Slide23
TransparencyInteraction with Independence:
“Each report . . . Shall be provided directly to the [Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Finance of the Senate] without any prior review or comment from the Commissioner, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Oversight Board, any other officer or employee of the Department of the Treasury, or the Office of Management or Budget.” IRC 7803(c)(2)(B)(iii).23Slide24
Objectives ReportFiling Season AnalysisAreas of Focus for upcoming fiscal year (i.e., systemic issues)
TAS operational focus for upcoming fiscal yearIRS responses to prior year’s Annual Report administrative recommendations.24Slide25
Annual Report to CongressMost Serious Problems: “a summary of the most serious problems encountered by taxpayers, including a description of the nature of such problems” along with “recommendations . . . as may be appropriate to resolve problems encountered by taxpayers.” IRC 7803(c)(2)(B)(ii)(III) and (VIII).
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Annual Report to CongressLegislative Recommendations “as may be appropriate to resolve problems encountered by taxpayers.” IRC 7803(c)(2)(B)(ii)(VIII); and
Identify areas of the tax law that impose significant compliance burdens on taxpayers or the IRS, including specific recommendations for remedying these problems. IRC 7803(c)(2)(B)(ii)(IX).26Slide27
Annual Report to CongressMost Litigated Issues: “identify the 10 most litigated issues for each category of taxpayers, including recommendations for mitigating such disputes.” IRC 7803(c)(2)(B)(ii)(X)
And …. “Include such other information as the National Taxpayer Advocate may deem advisable.” IRC 7803(c)(2)(B)(ii)(XI). [The NTA’s favorite provision!]27Slide28
Tax Administration Impact of Taxpayer Advocate Independency and TransparencySince 2000, TAS has assisted in approximately 1.4 million cases involving taxpayers experiencing economic burden
.Since 2000, TAS has issued 2000 Taxpayer Assistance Orders (and threatened to issue many, many more).28Slide29
Tax Administration Impact of Taxpayer Advocate Independency and TransparencySince 2001, TAS has made 1,351 administrative recommendations in its Annual Report to Congress.
Most recently the IRS agreed to 48 % of the administrative recommendations made in the 2014 Annual Report to Congress.29Slide30
Tax Administration Impact of Taxpayer Advocate Independency and TransparencySince 2001, TAS has made 166 Legislative Recommendations, 24 of which Congress or the IRS (through regulations) has adopted. Congress has introduced over 250 bills proposing enactment of the NTA’s legislative recommendations.
The NTA has testified before Congress more than 60 times, addressing taxpayer concerns.30Slide31
TAS Promotes Taxpayer TrustTAS ensures not only that taxpayers can present their case to the IRS but that the IRS listens to the taxpayers (the right to challenge the IRS and be heard) and provides explanations for its actions (the right to be informed).Through the Low Income Taxpayer Clinic Grant program, TAS ensures that taxpayers have access to legal representation regardless of income level (the right to retain representation).
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TAS Promotes Taxpayer TrustAbout 48% of TAS taxpayers who received relief in their TAS cases felt more positive about the IRS as a result of their interaction with TAS.About 36% of TAS taxpayers who did not
receive relief in their TAS cases still felt more positive about the IRS as a result of their interaction with TAS.[TAS Customer Satisfaction Surveys, through 3rd quarter FY 2015.]32Slide33
TAS and Taxpayer ComplianceTAS Research is currently studying the relationship between TAS assistance and future compliance of the taxpayers TAS assists.
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ChallengesIndependent CounselIndependent Budget/Appropriations
Amicus Brief AuthorityAgency acknowledgement and acceptance of TAS Role (see August 2013 NTA Report to Acting Commissioner)Managing conflict/adversarial relations between TAS and IRS – are they avoidable?
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TAS Promotes Taxpayer TrustTAS casework serves as a check on the coercive power of the tax agency.The taxpayer can have some expectation that if he makes a mistake or experiences some kind of hardship, there is an entity that can ensure the government takes into consideration those specific circumstances. (The right to a fair and just tax system.)
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