FROM ISOLATIONISM TO GLOBAL WAR US Foreign relations in the twenties amp thirties The League and the US Wilson FDR Relative isolationism Rejection of LON tariff hikes Red Scare immigration restriction ID: 356489
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Slide1
World war II
FROM ISOLATIONISM TO GLOBAL WARSlide2
US Foreign relations in the twenties & thirtiesSlide3
The League and the U.S.
Wilson – FDR = Relative isolationism
Rejection of LON, tariff hikes, Red Scare, immigration restriction
Global business growing
US investments + loans = foreign purchase of US goods
‘22- unofficial observers to LON
‘24 – joint efforts
Pacific interestsSlide4
The War Debt Issue
$$
war effort, postwar reconstruction
Should it be paid back?
Loan $ spent on US military supplies US prosperity
Effort of Allied troops prior to US arrival
GB/
Fr
still owed $ from Rev.
US tariffs high
Euro goods $$$$$$
War debt tied to reparation
payments
Johnson Debt Default Act (‘34)Slide5
Attempt @ Disarmament
Arms limitations = peace
Washington Naval Conference, ’21- ‘34
Possibilities vs
. Problems
Japanese-American Relations
Encroachments in China, Pacific
Kellogg-Briand Pact, ‘28
Purpose?
“We can outlaw this war system just as we outlawed slavery and the saloon.” American Committee for the Outlawry of War
Pact of Paris = no war as
nat’l
policy (62)
* is self-defense
US ability to preserve MD, self-defenseSlide6
“Good Neighbor” Policy
Making waves
‘21- Harding OKs $25 m. to Columbia (PC)
‘24- US out of DR
US – Mexico
Nicaragua issue
‘25 out, ‘27 in (vs. rebel Cesar Augusto Sandino) – ‘33
Oil issue
Pan-American Conference- ’28
Coolidge & Hughes
Nicaragua, Haiti
Hoover’s Latin American tour
Clark Memorandum- ‘28/’30Slide7
Under FDR
‘33 = 7
th
Pan-American Conference
“no nation has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another.”
Removal of marines
‘34 = treaty w/ Cuba that ended Platt AmendmentSlide8
WAR CLOUDS GATHERSlide9
Japan Advances
Mukden incident, ’31
occupation of Manchuria puppet empire,
Manchuko
VIOLATION!
Nine-Power Treaty, K-B Pact, LON
No help for China
Stimson Doctrine, ’32
Shanghai bombing
Withdrawal from LON, ’33
Response to condemnation of actions
Rise of Japanese militaristsSlide10
Fascism: 1919-1945
Extreme “right wing” conservatism
Rebuilding
of nation; commitment of people to unite (nationalism); totalitarian/single-party
Austria, Hungary, Romania, Spain, ITALY & GERMANY
Focus on: intense nationalism, action over reflection, discipline, physical superiority, indoctrination, charismatic leaders
Hitler, Mussolini, FrancoSlide11
Goal?
o
verthrow
existing
governments
Obsessed w
/:
decline in values, humiliation, “victimhood” (R. Paxton
)
Wrong: feminism, individualism, liberalism, democracy (parliamentary), communism
People identify w/ culture, not class
Power of state vs. power of worker (ex: strikes)
Power to majority? Quantity vs. Quality; bickering
parties
Right: traditional values, purity of nation, ACTION (political violence, war)Slide12
Italian Fascism
Social tensions, depression
Black Shirts- organized by Mussolini as private army; use violence to achieve political goals
1922- into power
Supported by industrial leaders (fear of comm., need social order)
Known as fascism
Built strong, powerful state
No room for opposition, economic control, invasion of Ethiopia (1935),women=baby factoriesSlide13Slide14
German Nazism
German form of fascism- more extreme
Nazi= National Socialist Worker’s Party of Germany; led by Adolf Hitler
Socialist= economy serve the state, not
indiv
.
Not a form of socialismSlide15
Gain power during
20s-30s
Weimar Republic – in place to sign Treaty, no success in rebuilding economy (inflation, depression, unemployment), no decisive government
action
Nazi’s spread idea that Germany betrayed by disloyal citizens (vs. losing the war); attack supporters of Weimar
gov.
in 1920s, Jews, Communists,
Socialists
Able to win support of middle class, landowners,
public
Celebrate German/Aryan race, culture, ancestrySlide16
Growing Power
1928- Nazi’s= 2.6% of vote; 1938- 37%
Hitler placed as Chancellor of Germany in 1933
Rid country of all other parties, arrested opponents, press censorship, police power
Under leadership, Germany pulled out of depression
Brought in idea of ACTION, return to traditional values
Hitler as Fuhrer
Rule over Germany by force (absence of reason)Slide17
Jews blamed for problems of Germany
Launch racial revolution
Nuremburg Laws (1935)- no land ownership, no racial mixing, wearing of Star of David (marker)
Nov. 9, 1938-
Kristallnacht
occurs- nationwide destruction & looting of property, business from JewsSlide18Slide19
Mein
Kampf
(My Struggle)
Hitler laid out Nazi beliefs and the Nazi plan of action. Nazism was the German brand of fascism & was based on extreme nationalism.
1. Unite all German-speaking people into a great German empire.
2. Enforce racial purification at home. Germans formed a master race (especially blonde-haired, blue-eyed Aryans) that was destined to rule the world. All others (Jews, Slavs, nonwhites) were only fit to serve Aryans.
3. National expansion to gain more living space (so Germany could thrive). This should be accomplished by any means necessary.Slide20Slide21
The Rise of Fascism- Italy & Germany
‘22- Mussolini
Fascist Party
R
estoration
of order,
nat’l
pride
‘24- “Il Duce”
‘33- Hitler
National Socialist German Workers’ Party
Struggling Weimar
+ subservient Reichstag = dictatorship
’34- “Fuhrer”
police state, rearmament, persecutionSlide22
The Mood in America
Increased isolationism
SOS Cordell Hull
Free trade = peace
Effort to build foreign markets
‘34- Trade Agreements Act
Reciprocal lowering of tariffs
14, ‘35
29, ‘45
Diplomatic recognition of Soviet Union, ‘33
US + USSR vs. Japan
No Commie propaganda in the US
Religious freedom to Americans
Unpaid czarist debts to US?Slide23
Expanding AxisSlide24Slide25Slide26Slide27Slide28
Degrees of Neutrality
Deeper isolationism for US
Senator Gerald Nye investigation, ’34 – ’37
“merchants of death”
Nonintervention
localized fighting
’36 – ’39- Spanish Civil War
N
eutrality Laws
’35- no sale of munitions/arms to nations at war, passenger travel
Trade material not covered
’36- + no loans to nations at war
’37- also applies to Civil War
‘37- restraint on arms sales, loans, travel, no arming merchant ships, CASH-AND-CARRY on trade materialsSlide29
Quarantine Speech
Oct. ‘37
Int’l “quarantine of aggressor nations” vs. non-intervention
Look to positive endeavors vs. aggressors, economic barriers
Japan, Italy, Germany
Reaction? Protest by anti-interventionists, FDR cools
http://
millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3310
Slide30
Challenges to Neutrality
July ‘37- Japan v. China (Marco Polo bridge, Peking)
No declaration of war
munitions trade w/ China via GB
Dec. ‘37- Japanese attack US gunboat
Panay
& oil tankers
Public opinion of Japan
Isolationism still high
Ludlow Amendment = attempt to have public referendum for declaration of war. . . FAILS
‘39 – Hitler viewed as int’l gangster
Sept. = declaration of neutrality (Poland)
“even a neutral has a right to take account of the facts.”Slide31
Neutrality Act of 1939
Amendments = CASH AND CARRY for any/all supplies
War zone designated
Oops!
unrestricted sub warfare, blockade
“What the American people want is to be as un-neutral as possible without getting into war.” -
NationSlide32
From sitzkrieg
to blitzkriegSlide33
The Storm in Europe: 1940Slide34Slide35Slide36
Growing Involvement
“We shall go on to the end. . . We shall never surrender.” –Winston Churchill (1940)
World crisis
Luftwaffe vs. GB
FDR shifts focus
Post-WWI army reduced to 175k
By ‘40 $17 b. for defense (50k planes, military buildup)
BUT- demand from GB for supplies high
National Defense Research Committee
June, ‘40
Military research, atomic bomb (Einstein)
SOW- Henry Stimson ®
SON- Frank Knox ®Slide37
A New State of Affairs
Summer, ‘40 = Battle of Britain
RAF + radar vs. Luftwaffe +
U
-boats
US transfer of “
overaged
” ships to GB
GET lease of bases in Caribbean
A NEED to defend hemisphere
Sept. 16- FIRST peacetime conscription
16 m. men, 21-35
Debate: internationalists v. isolationists
What role does the threat on GB play in US
nat’l
security?
Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies (Coast, South)
America First Committee Slide38Slide39
FDR’S THIRD TERM
1940-1944Slide40
Quadrennial Campaign
R = Wendell Willkie (IN): “We want Willkie!”
Former Dem., FDR supporter
Supported aid to Allies (vs. isolationism)
D = FDR
Impact of war in Europe
Party unity? Foreign policy bring back Southern Dems
FDR busy during campaign- defense & diplomacy
Pan-American mutual defense, visits to defense facilities, destroyer-bases deal
Willkie attack New Deal, focus on
gov.
programs
attack on FDR foreign policy
“If you re-elect him you m ay expect war in April, 1941.”
“I have said this before, but I shall say it again and again and again: Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars.”Slide41
Results-
FDR enters 3
rd
term
EC: 449 – 82
Popular: 27 m. – 22 m.Slide42
The Great “Arsenal of Democracy”
Active, though non-belligerent
Four Freedoms Speech, Jan. ’41
Move from isolationism
Speech, worship, from want, from fear
M
ove to give aid ($) to GB
No direct aid!
Does history repeat itself? Johnson Act (‘34)
Lend-Lease Program
Isolationists view- the road to war
Supporters see risk
Benefits China, GBSlide43
"In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms.
The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world.
The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world.
The third is freedom from want—which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants—everywhere in the world.
The fourth is freedom from fear—which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world.
That is no vision of a distant millennium. It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation. That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so-called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb
.“
—
Franklin D. Roosevelt, excerpted from the State of the Union Address to the Congress, January 6,
1941
http://
www.archives.gov/exhibits/powers_of_persuasion/audio/pres_roosevelts_address.wav
Slide44
1943- Norman Rockwell postersSlide45Slide46
War Rages
Late‘40- Italy launches attack on Greece and Egypt
Spring ’41- Germans under Rommel aid Italians
GB forced back into Egypt
April ‘41- Germans overwhelm Yugo., Greece, Crete, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria
June ‘41- German attack on Soviet Union
GB & US offer aid (Lend-Lease)
Threat of
wolfpacks
US Navy patrol N. Atlantic, April ‘41Slide47Slide48
The Atlantic Charter
Statement of int’l principles
Self-determination
Economic cooperation
Freedom of the seas
New system of collective security
=
joint aims of ANTI-AXIS powers
GB & US
SU
Attacks on US ships- fall ‘41
“shoot on sight”
Convoy of GB merchant ships
Neutrality Act amended- ARM merchant ships!
= undeclared naval warSlide49Slide50
The storm in the pacific
Japanese Aggression Leads to WarSlide51
The Pacific in 1940
Goal of Japan = “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”
Oil, rubber, etc. in SE Asia
US = 80% fuel
Summer ‘40- airfields built in Fr. Indochina, rail line to S. China destroyed
No supplies to China
Export Control Act- July, ‘40 = restriction of arms, material to Japan
Embargo on gas, ironSlide52
Sept. = Tripartite
Pact
Why? Siberia
What about SE Asia?
April 13, ‘41- non-aggression pact b/t Japan & SU
July, ‘41- protectorate over French Indochina
FDR response
Frozen assets, oil embargo
Japan efforts to attack Dutch/British colonies
Gen. MacArthur moved over Far East forcesSlide53
Toward War
SOS Hull insist withdrawal from SE Asia/China
PM
Fumimaro
Konoye- liberal, but pressured by militants
Refuse- warlords seek destruction of navy, Philippines
Aug. ‘41- attempted agreement b/t US & Japan
Sept. 6 = approval of attack on Hawaii
Konoye failed to reach compromise
Oct. 16 – War Minister Hideki
Tojo
PM
Same day, envoy arrives in US
Nov. 20- Japanese proposal
Expectation of US to refuse
Within a week, Japanese naval force on the moveSlide54
Attack on Pearl Harbor
US knows war is imminent
Japanese troop movement S from Formosa (Taiwan)
warnings to Pearl Harbor, Manila, GB
Possible attack on Dutch/British Slide55
December 7th
, 1941
Early AM- decoded message from Japan to break diplomatic relations
Message delayed
War Dept. alert sent
8 ½
hrs
late
kSlide56
The Attack
6
aircraft carriers (387
planes)
Oahu
was in
sight
planes
split into two groups.
RADAR mistook for
American planes
Japanese
submarine
spotted
U.S
. destroyer fired on
it
7:55 am: first
bombs
&torpedoes dropped
One
group
over
land
& one over
sea.
10:00
,
19 sunken/damaged
ships,
300 aircraft
damaged or destroyed,
3/8 battleships sunk, 2,400 casualtiesSlide57Slide58Slide59Slide60Slide61Slide62Slide63Slide64Slide65
From Bystander to Belligerent
Limited success in attack
No attack on oil storage tanks
No hits on aircraft carriers (left port)
Underestimated the US
unified, vengeful
Invasion
8
th
- Philippines, Guam, Midway, Hong Kong, Malay Peninsula
War Declared, Dec. 8
th
, 1941
FDR: “a date which will live in infamy”
Dec. 11
th
- Germany/Italy declare war on US