Reflex Occurs over pathways called reflex arcs Reflex arc The Reflex Arc Figure 711a Stimulus at distal end of neuron Skin Spinal cord in cross section Interneuron Receptor Effector ID: 778782
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Slide1
The Nervous System
Slide2The Reflex Arc
Reflex
—
Occurs over pathways called reflex arcs
Reflex arc
—
Slide3The Reflex Arc
Figure 7.11a
Stimulus at distal
end of neuron
Skin
Spinal cord
(in cross section)
Interneuron
Receptor
Effector
Sensory neuron
Motor neuron
Integration
center
(a)
Slide4The Reflex Arc
Figure 7.11a, step 1
Stimulus at distal
end of neuron
Skin
Receptor
(a)
Slide5The Reflex Arc
Figure 7.11a, step 2
Stimulus at distal
end of neuron
Skin
Receptor
Sensory neuron
(a)
Slide6The Reflex Arc
Figure 7.11a, step 3
Stimulus at distal
end of neuron
Skin
Spinal cord
(in cross section)
Interneuron
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Integration
center
(a)
Slide7The Reflex Arc
Figure 7.11a, step 4
Stimulus at distal
end of neuron
Skin
Spinal cord
(in cross section)
Interneuron
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Motor neuron
Integration
center
(a)
Slide8The Reflex Arc
Figure 7.11a, step 5
Stimulus at distal
end of neuron
Skin
Spinal cord
(in cross section)
Interneuron
Receptor
Effector
Sensory neuron
Motor neuron
Integration
center
(a)
Slide9Simple Reflex Arc
Figure 7.11b–c
Spinal cord
Sensory (afferent)
neuron
Inter-
neuron
Motor
(efferent)
neuron
Motor
(efferent)
neuron
Sensory receptors
(stretch receptors
in the quadriceps
muscle)
Sensory (afferent)
neuron
Sensory receptors
(pain receptors in
the skin)
Effector
(quadriceps
muscle of
thigh)
Effector
(biceps
brachii
muscle)
Synapse in
ventral horn
gray matter
(c)
(b)
Slide10Simple Reflex Arc
Figure 7.11b, step 1
Spinal cord
Sensory receptors
(stretch receptors
in the quadriceps
muscle)
(b)
Slide11Simple Reflex Arc
Figure 7.11b, step 2
Spinal cord
Sensory (afferent)
neuron
Sensory receptors
(stretch receptors
in the quadriceps
muscle)
(b)
Slide12Simple Reflex Arc
Figure 7.11b, step 3
Spinal cord
Sensory (afferent)
neuron
Sensory receptors
(stretch receptors
in the quadriceps
muscle)
Synapse in
ventral horn
gray matter
(b)
Slide13Simple Reflex Arc
Figure 7.11b, step 4
Spinal cord
Sensory (afferent)
neuron
Motor
(efferent)
neuron
Sensory receptors
(stretch receptors
in the quadriceps
muscle)
Synapse in
ventral horn
gray matter
(b)
Slide14Simple Reflex Arc
Figure 7.11b, step 5
Spinal cord
Sensory (afferent)
neuron
Motor
(efferent)
neuron
Sensory receptors
(stretch receptors
in the quadriceps
muscle)
Effector
(quadriceps
muscle of
thigh)
Synapse in
ventral horn
gray matter
(b)
Slide15Simple Reflex Arc
Figure 7.11c, step 1
Spinal cord
Sensory receptors
(pain receptors in
the skin)
(c)
Slide16Simple Reflex Arc
Figure 7.11c, step 2
Spinal cord
Sensory (afferent)
neuron
Sensory receptors
(pain receptors in
the skin)
(c)
Slide17Simple Reflex Arc
Figure 7.11c, step 3
Spinal cord
Inter-
neuron
Sensory (afferent)
neuron
Sensory receptors
(pain receptors in
the skin)
(c)
Slide18Simple Reflex Arc
Figure 7.11c, step 4a
Spinal cord
Inter-
neuron
Motor
(efferent)
neuron
Sensory (afferent)
neuron
Sensory receptors
(pain receptors in
the skin)
(c)
Slide19Simple Reflex Arc
Figure 7.11c, step 4b
Spinal cord
Inter-
neuron
Motor
(efferent)
neuron
Sensory (afferent)
neuron
Sensory receptors
(pain receptors in
the skin)
Effector
(biceps
brachii
muscle)
(c)
Slide20Simple Reflex Arc
Figure 7.11b–c
Spinal cord
Sensory (afferent)
neuron
Inter-
neuron
Motor
(efferent)
neuron
Motor
(efferent)
neuron
Sensory receptors
(stretch receptors
in the quadriceps
muscle)
Sensory (afferent)
neuron
Sensory receptors
(pain receptors in
the skin)
Effector
(quadriceps
muscle of
thigh)
Effector
(biceps
brachii
muscle)
Synapse in
ventral horn
gray matter
(c)
(b)
Slide21Types of Reflexes and Regulation
Somatic reflexes
Activation of skeletal muscles
Example
:
Slide22Types of Reflexes and Regulation
Autonomic
reflexes
Slide23Types of Reflexes and Regulation
Patellar
Figure 7.11d
Slide24Central Nervous System (CNS)
CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube
The neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord
The opening of the neural tube becomes the
ventricles
Slide25Central Nervous System (CNS)
Figure 7.12a
Slide26Regions of the Brain
Cerebral hemispheres
Slide27Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Figure 7.12b
Slide28Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain
The
surface is made of ridges
and grooves
Slide29Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Figure 7.13a
Slide30Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Lobes of the cerebrum
Fissures
divide
the cerebrum into lobesSurface lobes of the
cerebrum
Slide31Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Figure 7.13b
Slide32Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Specialized areas of the cerebrum
Primary somatic sensory area
Primary
motor area
Broca’s
area
Slide33Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Figure 7.13c
Slide34Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Figure 7.14
Slide35Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Cerebral areas involved in special
senses
Slide36Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Interpretation areas of the
cerebrum
Slide37Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Figure 7.13c
Slide38Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Layers of the cerebrum
Gray
matter
White
matterCorpus callosum
connects hemispheresBasal nuclei
Slide39Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Figure 7.15
Slide40Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon
Figure 7.16
Slide41Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon
Sits on top of the brain stem
Enclosed by the cerebral
hemispheres
Slide42Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon
Figure 7.12b
Slide43Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon
Figure 7.16a
Slide44Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon
Figure 7.16b
Slide45Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon
Thalamus
Slide46Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon
Hypothalamus
Under the thalamus
Important autonomic nervous system
center
Slide47Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon
Hypothalamus (continued
)
Slide48Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon
Epithalamus
Forms the roof of the third ventricle
Houses the pineal body
Includes the choroid plexus
Slide49Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem
Attaches to the spinal cord
Parts of the brain
stem
Slide50Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem
Figure 7.16a
Slide51Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem
Midbrain
Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers
Has two bulging fiber tracts—
Has four rounded protrusions—
Reflex
centers for vision and hearing
Slide52Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem
Pons
The bulging center part of the brain stem
Includes
nuclei involved in the control of breathing
Slide53Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem
Medulla Oblongata
The lowest part of the brain stem
Merges into the spinal cord
Includes important fiber tracts
Contains important control
centers
Slide54Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem
Reticular Formation
Diffuse mass of gray matter along the brain stem
Involved in motor control of visceral organs
Reticular activating system (RAS
)
Slide55Regions of the Brain:
Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem
Figure 7.16b
Slide56Regions of the Brain: Cerebellum
Two hemispheres with convoluted
surfaces
Slide57Regions of the Brain: Cerebellum
Figure 7.16a