The Trials of War 17761778 War in the North Population of England vs colonies British advantages Armies and Strategies American disadvantages Poor American youths Old British exconvicts ID: 682549
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Chapter 6Making War and Republican Governments, 1776-1789Slide2
The Trials of War, 1776-1778
War in the North
Population of England vs. colonies
British advantages: Armies and StrategiesAmerican disadvantages: Poor American youthsOld British ex-convictsVictory at Saratoga 1777After several early victories by the British, Patriots achieved victory at Saratoga, NY. Why was this important?Slide3
Social and Financial Perils
British naval blockade
Governments requisitioned military supplies directly from the people
Hartford, CT-Women contribute-TREND: Shopkeepers exploited the shortage-Civilians were subject to oppression-“Patriot tax”Financial CrisisHow was crisis addressed?Congress lacked tax authority to taxFunds were requisitioned from states, but…Social upheaval over high consumer pricesSlide4
Valley Forge
In Philadelphia, Washington’s army retreated 20 miles to Valley Forge were 12,000 soldiers suffered horribly. Why
?
Nearby farmers refused to help. Why?Germans and QuakersBy spring, 1000 soldiers deserted and 3000 died from disease and malnutrition. Contribution from Baron von SteubenResult:Slide5
The Path to Victory 1778-1783
Prospects improved dramatically with French alliance.
Why?
The French AllianceUnlikely alliance?Treaty of Alliance 1778-Seven year half pay pensionUnpopular British warWar in the South Spain joins war in 1779-Gibraltar in FloridaBritain's Southern Strategy Slide6
Guerrilla Warfare in the Carolinas
Weakened by this
war of attrition
, the British conceded the Carolinas to American guerillas and moved to Virginia. Easily defeating a divided force in VA, the British moved to New York. Here they were strategically surrounded by American and French forces and General Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown in October 1781. The Franco-American victory broke he resolve of England. The British ministry gave up war efforts on the American mainland. The Patriot AdvantageFrenchGeorge Washington1/3rd zealot population of PatriotsThey willingly took depreciating money as
soldiers and as sellers of supplies
Ordinary citizens financed the war
Diplomatic Triumph
Treaty of Paris 1783-
Loyalists’ property returned
Allowed British legal claims to prewar debts
Treaty of Versailles 1783-Slide7
Creating Republican Institutions,
1776-1787
The State Constitutions: How Much Democracy
Republicanism was more than just ousting the kingPennsylvania’s Controversial ConstitutionVery democraticPolitical rightsUnicameral houseElementary educationPrison-debt protectionOpposition “oppression of majority rule” John Adams “Thoughts on Government (1776)”
New York and South Carolina’s constitutions
VermontSlide8
Women Seek a Public Voice
Sought to stop restrictive customs, not _______.
Some women, such as Abigail Adams demanded equality for married women
American “republicanism” did not support womenIn 1790 MA declared that girls had an equal right to education Effect: By 1850The Loyalist ExodusSuffered from detachment and alienationCanada, West Indies, and EnglandCato RamseyProperty seizedThe Articles of ConfederationLimited central government
Important laws 9 of 13
Changes in Articles need unanimous votes
Declaration of war
Adjudicate state disputes
Borrow and print money
Requisition funds from states
Delay because of western state disputesSlide9
Continuing Fiscal Crisis
Tax issue
The Northwest Ordinance
Ordinance of 1784-Set price and surveying qualificationsOrdinance of 1787-New statesSchoolsGovernorSlaveryAchievement vs. FailureSlide10
Shay’s Rebellion
1786
The war cripples trade
State governments in war debtBond holders demand redemptionStates allowed instalment payments to creditorsHigher taxes and limited paper currencyMobs and protests of taxes and money issuesDaniel Shay, a Continental army veteran led the revolt in MARevolt resembled the one against the Stamp ActRiot Act-Americans felt that the new government replaced the British as new oppressorsSlide11
The Constitution of 1787
National government would exercise limited government, and states would retain authority over all other matters.
The Rise of a Nationalist Faction
Many issues with the constitution-The Philadelphia ConventionAll states came except _________.Increase central authorityWho were there?The Virginia and New Jersey plansWhat was the main issue of controversy?The Great CompromiseTwo houses: Upper (Senate) ____, Lower (House of Representatives) ________________.
No property requirements for votingSlide12
Negotiations over Slavery
Contradiction
Convention denied Congress the power to regulate immigration,
therefore nullifying the slave trade interventionThree Fifths Compromise- National AuthorityTaxation Military defenseExternal commerceAuthority to make relevant laws No state paper moneyHonor existing war debtSlide13
The People Debate Ratification
Needed 9 of 13
Federalists-
The Constitution RatifiedWho were Federalists?Who were Antifederalists?Bill of RightsUnlike France, where the Revolution of 1789 divided the society into irreconcilable factions for generations, the American Constitutional Revolution of 1787 created a national republic based on broad popular support.