17 Classification of Life 2 What am I What is my name Why Classify 1There are known species of organisms 2This is only organisms that ever lived 3are still being found and identified ID: 774978
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Slide1
Classification of Life
Chapter 17
Slide2Classification of Life
2
What am I???
What is my
name???
Slide3Why Classify?
1.There are _______ known species of organisms2.This is only __________ organisms that ever lived!!!!!3.___________are still being found and identified
3
13 billion
5% of all
New organisms
Slide4New Species of 2008 - 2009
4
Slide5What is Classification?
4)___________is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities5) Classification is also known as __________6) __________are scientists that identify & name organisms
5
Classification
taxonomy
Taxonomists
Slide6Benefits of Classifying
7)________________names organisms 8) Classification Prevents _____ such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses _________________for all names
6
Sea”horse
”??
I’m no horse
Accurately & uniformly
misnomers
same language (Latin)
And I’m no
fish!!
Slide7Why Latin
10) It is a dead ___________, no one speaks it.11) So, it doesn’t ___________!12) It was the __________ language of the day!13) Everybody in the world can use it, no matter what ____________they speak.
7
language
change
scientific
language
Slide8Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names
8
Slide9Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists becauseit is a __________ name
9
Scientific
Slide10Common names for: Mountain lion, Cougar, Deer tiger Red tiger, Catamount, Panther
10
Latin Name:
Puma
concolor
(scientific name)
Slide11Early Taxonomists
14) 2000 years ago,_________ wasthe first taxonomist15) Aristotle divided organisms into two groups:____________ 16)He ________them by their_________ :land, sea, or air dwellers
11
Aristotle
plants & animals
subdivided
habitat
Slide12Early Taxonomists
17)_________, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming18) His names were very long. The descriptions tell everything about the plant
12
John Ray
Slide13Carolus Linnaeus1707 – 1778
19)18th century taxonomist20) Classified organisms by their structure21) Developed the naming system still used today
13
Slide14Carolus Linnaeus
22) Called the “Father of Taxonomy”23) Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature24) Two-word name (Genus & species)
14
Slide15Binomial nomenclature
25) Binomial nomenclature used Genus species26) Latin or Greek27) Italicized in print28) Capitalize genus, but NOT species29) Underline when writing
15
Turdus migratorius
American Robin
Slide16Binomial Nomenclature
16
Which TWO are more closely related?
Slide17Classification Groups
30)________ (taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed31) There is a ___________of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific32) Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species
17
Taxon
hierarchy
Slide18Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species
18
BROADEST TAXON
Most Specific
Slide19DumbKingPhillipCameOverForGooseberrySoup!
19
Slide2020
Slide21Domains
33) Broadest, most inclusive taxon34) Three domains35) Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Two types of BACTERIA36) The third domain, Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and are membrane-bound organelles
21
Slide22Two Views of Life’s Organization
– Domains and Kingdoms
Eubacteria
Slide23Domain ARCHAEA
37) Live in HARSH environments38) Found in: most are anaerobic (add) but all are heterotrophic39) Sewage Treatment Plants40) Thermal or Volcanic Vents41) Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid42) Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake)
23
Slide2424
ARCHAEAN
Slide25A Deep Sea Thermal Vent – Prime Habitat for Archaean Extremophiles
Slide26Prismatic Pool, Yellowstone Park – Another “Hot” Site for Archaebacteria
Slide27Prospecting for Archaebacteria in Yellowstone’s Obsidian Pool
Although Archaea were first discovered in extreme environments, it’s important to realize they’re found everywhere, not just in harsh conditions.
Slide28Domain EUBACTERIA
43) Some may cause DISEASE44) Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones45) Important decomposers for environment46) Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.
28
Slide2929
Live in the intestines of animals
Slide30Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms
47) Protista (protozoans, algae…)48) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)49) Plantae (Multicellular plants)50)Animalia (Multicellular animals)
30
Slide31Kingdom Protista
51) Most are unicellular
52) Some are multicellular53) Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic54) Are Aquatic
31
Slide32Kingdom Fungi
55)Multicellular, except yeast56) Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it)57) Cell walls made of chitin
32
Slide33Kingdom Plantae
58) Multicellular59) Autotrophic60) Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis61) Cell walls made of cellulose
33
Slide3434
Kingdom Animalia
62)
Multicellular63) Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies)64) Feed on plants or animals
34
Slide355 Kingdom vs. 6 Kingdom
65) 5 Kingdom: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.66) 6 Kingdom: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia. Used today. 67) Reason to divide Monera: Bacteria had different structures in their ribosomes and their cell walls.
35
Slide36Five-Kingdom System
Madder: Biology 8th Ed.
Slide37Six Kingdom System
Slide3838
Slide39Taxons
Most ______ (genus) contain a number of similar speciesThe genus ______ is an exception (only contains modern humans)Classification is based on __________ relationships
39
genera
Homo
evolutionary
Slide4040
Slide41How Living Things Are Classified
Modern taxonomists use the following classification system
Phylum
Family
Family
Genus
Genus
Species
Species
Class
Order
Order
Kingdom
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Rodentia
Carnivora
Caviidae
Procyonidae
Cavia
Cavia
porcellus
Procyon
lotor
Procyon
Same species means they can breed!!!
Scientific Names are in LATIN!!!
Slide42Basis for Modern Taxonomy
71) ___________ (same structure, different function don’t have common ancestors)72) Similar _____________ patterns.73) Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins
42
Homologous
Embryo development
Slide4343
74) _____________
Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS)
shows Similarities in mammals.
Homologous
Slide44Phylogenetic Classification: Models
80) Phylogeny: The evolutionary history of a speciesOrganisms are classifiedWithin the same group!!!
81)
Cladistics
: Type of phylogeny that assumes that groups of organism evolve from a common ancestor, keeping unique inherited characteristics. This can be demonstrated by a
cladogram
.
Slide4575) Cladogram
Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales
45
Slide46Dichotomous Keying
76)Used to ______organisms77) Characteristics given in ________78) Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism
46
identify
pairs
Slide47Example of Dichotomous Key
1a Tentacles present – Go to 21b Tentacles absent – Go to 32a Eight Tentacles – Octopus2b More than 8 tentacles – 33a Tentacles hang down – go to 43b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
47
Slide48Classifying Organisms
Slide4979) Bacteria – the Most Abundant Cells Classification based on _________
There are more bacteria in your mouth than there have been people living since the dawn of humans.
shape
Slide50What Good Are Bacteria?
A lot of bacteria
are the primary 82) recyclers of materials in the environment.83) What
Slide51What Good Are Bacteria?
Bacteria are also essential for many processes we depend on – sewage treatment, cheese production, antibiotic production, and biotechnological processes like gene cloning and protein production.
Slide52Study the data table below. Which statement has correctly identified the typical characteristics of a prokaryotic cell (two students).
52
Organism Characteristics
StatementCharacteristics1Archaebacteria have membrane-bound DNA2Archaebacteria have cell membranes that contain lipids not found in any other organism3Archaebacteria lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.4Archaebacteria lack DNA and store their genetic information on proteins
2 & 3
Slide53To which group does an organism with the following characteristics belong?
53
prokaryotic
unicellular unique ribosomal RNA commonly found in harsh environments commonly found in anaerobic environments
Protista Fungi Eubacteria Archaebacteria
D.
Slide54Which kingdom includes organisms with specialized cells that perform individual functions?A. PlantaeB. MoneraC. EubacteriaD. Archaebacteria
54
A.
Slide55A scientist is given several bacterial samples. Which characteristic can be used to classify the bacteria as either Eubacteria or Archaebacteria in the six-kingdom classification system?A. The presence of DNAB. How the bacteria moveC. How the bacteria ingest foodD. The structure of ribosomal RNA
55
D.
Slide56Which statement correctly describes the main difference between the five-kingdom and the six-kingdom system for classification?A. Monera in the five-kingdom system is divided into Protista and Fungi in the six-kingdom systemB. Monera in the five-kingdom system is divided into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria in the six-kingdom systemC. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria in the five-kingdom system are combined to form Monera in the six-kingdom systemD. Fungi and Protista in the five-kingdom system are combined to form Eubacteria in the six-kingdom system.
56
B.
Student
AMonera in the five-kingdom system is divided into Protista and fungi in the six-kingdom systemStudent BMonera in the five-kingdom system is divided into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria in the six-kingdom system.Student CEubacteria and Archaebacteria in the five-kingdom system are combined to form Monera in the six-kingdom systemStudent DFung and Protista in the five-kingdom system are combined to form Eubacteria in the six kingdom system.
Slide5757
Study the table below. Which student correctly compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Student
EukaryoteProkaryoteEukaryoteProkaryoteEukaryoteProkaryote1SimpleComplexYesNoNoYes2SimpleComplexYesYesNoNo3ComplexSimpleYesYesYesYes4ComplexSimpleYesNoYesno
Internal
Structure
Nucleus Present
Membrane-Bound Organelles
D
.
Student 1
Student 2
Student 3
Student 4
Slide58Virus – Non Living
58
Slide59Viewing Viruses
Viruses are smaller than the smallest cellViruses couldn’t be seen until the electron microscope was invented in the 20th century
59
Slide60Size of Viruses
60
Slide61Viral Structure
61
Slide62Characteristics
Non living structuresNoncellularContain a protein coat called the capsidHave a nucleic acid core containing DNA or RNACapable of reproducing only when inside a HOST cell
62
Slide63Characteristics
Some viruses are enclosed in an protective envelopeSome viruses may have spikes to help attach to the host cellMost viruses infect only SPECIFIC host cells
63
CAPSID
ENVELOPE
DNA
SPIKES
Slide64Characteristics
Outside of host cells, viruses are inactiveThey Lack ribosomes and enzymes needed for metabolismUse the raw materials and enzymes of the host cell to be able to reproduce
64
EBOLA VIRUS
HIV VIRUS
Slide65Characteristics
Some viruses cause disease for example:Smallpox, measles, mononucleosis, influenza, colds, warts, AIDS, EbolaSome viruses may cause some cancers like leukemia
65
MEASLES
Slide66Viral Shapes
Viruses come in a variety of shapesSome may be helical shape like the Ebola virusSome may be polyhedral shapes like the influenza virusOthers have more complex shapes like bacteriophages
66
Slide67Helical Viruses
67
Slide68Complex Viruses
68
Slide69Polyhedral Viruses
69
Slide70Herpes Virus
70
SIMPLEX I and II
Slide71Adenovirus
71
COMMON COLD
Slide72Influenza Virus
72
Slide73Chickenpox Virus
73
Slide74Bacteriophages
74
Slide75Phages
Viruses that attack bacteria are called bacteriophage or just phageT-phages are a specific class of bacteriophages with icosahedral heads, double-stranded DNA, and tails
75
Slide76Diagram of T-4 Bacteriophage
Head with 20 triangular surfacesCapsid contains DNAHead & tail fibers made of protein
76
Slide77Retroviruses
77
Slide78Characteristics of Retroviruses
Contain RNA, not DNAContain enzyme called Reverse TranscriptaseWhen a retrovirus infects a cell, it injects its RNA and reverse transcriptase enzyme into the cytoplasm of that cell
78
Slide79Retroviruses
HIV, the AIDS virus, is a retrovirusFeline Leukemia Virus is also a retrovirus
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Slide80Viroids & Prions
80
Slide81Viroids
Small, circular RNA molecules without a protein coatInfect plants
81
Slide82Prions
Prions are “infectious proteins” They are normal body proteins that get converted into an alternate configuration by contact with other prion proteins They have no DNA or RNAThe main protein involved in human and mammalian prion diseases is called “PrP”
82
Slide83Prion Diseases
Prions form insoluble deposits in the brainCauses neurons to rapidly degeneration.Mad cow disease: degeneration of brain and spinal cord.
83
Slide84Viral Replication
84
Slide85Viral Attack
Viruses are very specific as to which species they attackHOST specificHumans rarely share viral diseases with other animalsEukaryotic viruses usually have protective envelopes made from the host cell membrane
85
Slide865 Steps of Lytic Cycle
1. Attachment to the cell2. Penetration (injection) of viral DNA or RNA3. Replication (Biosynthesis) of new viral proteins and nucleic acids4. Assembly (Maturation) of the new viruses 5. Release of the new viruses into the environment (cell lyses)
86
Slide87Bacteriophage Replication
Bacteriophage inject their nucleic acidThey lyse (break open) the bacterial cell when replication is finished
87
Slide88Treatment for Viral Disease
88
Slide89Vaccines
An attenuated virus is a weakened, less vigorous virus“Attenuate" refers to procedures that weaken an agent of disease (heating)A vaccine against a viral disease can be made from an attenuated, less virulent strain of the virusAttenuated virus is capable of stimulating an immune response and creating immunity, but not causing illness
89
Slide90Other Viral Treatments
Interferon are naturally occurring proteins made by cells to fight virusesGenetic altering of viruses (attenuated viruses)Antiviral drugs (AZT)Protease inhibitors – prevent capsid formation
90