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MicrobesPropagationMetabolizingMovementOxygen Transfer
W
hen squeezed hard moisture should be visible but not run out of hand. @ 50 to 60 % moisture content, compost will hold form when squeezed & resist crumbling
www.depi.vic.gov.au
Slide24
Backyard composting
University of Minnesota
extension
service
www.mnn.com
Best to “let grass lie”, but can be Nitrogen source
Slide25
Community Composting
ApartmentsNeighborhoodsCommunity Wide
Slide26
New York City – Starting a CCC
Develop relationship with local NYC Compost Project
Eventually host compost workdays & tours Designate a compost contactWith NYC Compost Project Answer basic questions about site Have actively managed compost system One or more persons addressing problems & finishing compostGuidance (www.nyc.gov/html/nycwasteless/html/...)Outdoor - compost/edu_outdoor.shtmlIndoor - compost/edu_indoor.shtmlLow price bins
160,000 ton/yr of source separated organic waste converted to useful compostReduces greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to 8,800 automobiles from area roads per yearDiverts 120,000 ton/yr from landfillLowers disposal costs 20-50% compared to surrounding landfills
peninsula-compost.com
www.reuters.com
Slide31
Community Composting & Epiphergy
Community Composting, Rochester NYWeekly Pickup of Fruit & vegetable scrapsMeat, shellfish, fish productsPasta, bread, cerealDairy products, egg shellsCoffee grounds, filters & tea bagsPaper towels & rollsMuffin wrappersPaper platesPet foodHousehold plants
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Presentations text content in Composting
Composting
Adapted from presentation of Terra Luke, 2013
Slide2Objectives
Composting introductionBackyard compostingCommunity compostingCommercial/Municipal compostingAdvantages & Disadvantages
www.scgh.com
Slide3What is Compost?
Decayed organic material Used to condition soil & add nutrientsSlow release weak fertilizer
howtocompost.org
Waysofthewildinstitute.com
Slide4Composting Methods
AnaerobicAerobicMicrobesWorms (Vermicomposting)Yard WasteFood WasteWastewater Sludge Municipal Solid Waste BackyardCommunityCommercial/Municipal
Slide5Anaerobic
Organic MaterialWater40% to 75% (solid)80% to 99% (liquid)Absence of OxygenNaturally occurring MicrobesFermentationByproduct: Compost, CH4, …
theveggielady.com
Slide6Aerobic
Organic MaterialMoistureOxygenNaturally occurring Microbes or WormsBulking agentRespiration Organics + O2 + Nutrients + Microbes More Microbes + Stable Organics + Heat + CO2 + H2O + NH3 + SO4 +…
www.uaex.edu
Slide7Microbes
sabacooperative.org
Slide8Vermicomposting
Source :
mgsenvironment.blogspot.com
Slide9Vermicomposting
Slide10Yard Waste
LeavesGrassBrushFlowering PlantsGarden Waste
ww1.hdnux.com
Slide11Food Waste
switchboard.nrdc.org
assets.inhabitat.com
Slide12futureofschaumburg.files.wordpress.com
Slide13Wastewater Sludge
Slide14Municipal Solid Waste Composting
L
ess common than Yard or Food Waste composting
S
ource separation or post-collection processing to remove contaminants & break bags
Final product often contaminated
More processing to create marketable product, or
Use as landfill cover
Slide15Slide16Design Considerations (Aerobic)
Parameter
Values
Comments
Particle size
Smaller
more s
urface area
Too small
limits O
2
transfer
Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
(C/N)
Low
NH
3
High Nitrogen limitation
Moisture content
Too little slows microbes
Too much leads to anaerobic conditions
Mixing / Turning
If that is how oxygen is introduced
Temperature
Beyond 151
F
, microbes are harmed
Pathogen control
For extended time (or higher for less time)
(Sewage sludge: >
131
F
15 days & 5 turns)
Land requirement
Per 50 ton/d
pH
Is optimal, >8.5 &
ammonia is produced
Bulking agent
Needed for wet or fine materials to create void space
Stabilization
Drop in temperature, self heating capacity, oxygen uptake,
Chaetomium
gracilis
growth,
or
starch-iodine test
Slide17Size
www.biocycle.net
Tub Grinder
Slide18Carbon to Nitrogen
30:1Carbon sourceNitrogen source
cwmi.css.cornell.edu/compostingathome.pdf
Slide19Green & Brown Balance
Online Calculatorwww.klickitatcounty.org/solidwaste/fileshtml/organics/compostCalc.htm
Source: Cornell Waste Management Institute. Composting at Home
Slide20Example
Ideal C:N is 30:1
25-30 is good
20-40 is
decent
C:N = % carbon / % nitrogen
Fruit
waste:
44.52 % C
& 1.4
% N
Loose
dry
leaves: 42.22 % C & 0.9 % N
Slide21Example (Cont.)
What can be added to loose leaves to bring the material closer to 30:1? Newsprint C:N= 54:1? Fruit Waste C:N= 32:1? Vegetable Waste C:N= 11:1?
Source: http://
www.klickitatcounty.org/solidwaste/fileshtml/organics/compostCalc.htm
Slide22Temperature
Pile size
TurningBlowing Air
casellaorganics.com
Slide23WATER
MicrobesPropagationMetabolizingMovementOxygen Transfer
W
hen squeezed hard moisture should be visible but not run out of hand. @ 50 to 60 % moisture content, compost will hold form when squeezed & resist crumbling
www.depi.vic.gov.au
Slide24Backyard composting
University of Minnesota
extension
service
www.mnn.com
Best to “let grass lie”, but can be Nitrogen source
Slide25Community Composting
ApartmentsNeighborhoodsCommunity Wide
Slide26New York City – Starting a CCC
Develop relationship with local NYC Compost Project
Eventually host compost workdays & tours Designate a compost contactWith NYC Compost Project Answer basic questions about site Have actively managed compost system One or more persons addressing problems & finishing compostGuidance (www.nyc.gov/html/nycwasteless/html/...)Outdoor - compost/edu_outdoor.shtmlIndoor - compost/edu_indoor.shtmlLow price bins
www.nyc.gov
Slide27Slide28Source: http://www.phillycompost.com/Map.html
Philadelphia
Shared community
sites: purple
Contact Site Host to join
Private sites: red
Check with site
contact before
visiting
Shared sites at capacity go “private”
Yellow
sites are
people looking for a shared site
Commercial sites: green
City sites: blue
Slide29Commercial/Municipal Composting
CommercialBusinesses, communitiesMunicipalYard Waste, Landscapers
Source:
montgomerycountymd.gov
Slide30Wilmington Organic Recycling Center, DE
160,000 ton/yr of source separated organic waste converted to useful compostReduces greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to 8,800 automobiles from area roads per yearDiverts 120,000 ton/yr from landfillLowers disposal costs 20-50% compared to surrounding landfills
peninsula-compost.com
www.reuters.com
Slide31Community Composting & Epiphergy
Community Composting, Rochester NYWeekly Pickup of Fruit & vegetable scrapsMeat, shellfish, fish productsPasta, bread, cerealDairy products, egg shellsCoffee grounds, filters & tea bagsPaper towels & rollsMuffin wrappersPaper platesPet foodHousehold plants
EpiphergyUpcycles organic waste materials Produces biofuels, animal feed, & compostfeed w/ ~100% digestibilityEthanol & Biodiesel
www.communitycomposting.org
mediad.publicbroadcasting.net
www.epiphergy.com
Graham A.
Fennie
- Founder &
CEO
Epiphergy
Slide32Collection
Slide33Tipping Area, Tub Shredder
www.menv.com
Slide34www.enrich.ie
Windrows
Slide35Technologies used
Slide36www.enrich.ie
Slide37codywitt.files.wordpress.com
Operation
www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Q6Fl34mWGw&NR=1&feature=endscreen
Slide38Static Pile
www.howardcountymd.gov
Slide39Static Pile
dirthuggercompost.files.wordpress.com
Dirt
Hugger
The
Dalles
Oregon
Slide40In Vessel
Better operational control
Better odor controlLower labor costsSmaller footprintFaster
Higher capital costsHigher operating & maintenance costs
www.ohio.edu
Slide41In Vessel - Rotating
Rocket Composter. Rotation turns and moves material.Cooked & Uncooked Fruit, Vegetables, Meat & FishCooked & Uncooked Garden WasteAnimal Waste (including some types of bedding)Specifications: Up to:Length 7.0mWidth 1.4mHeight 1.8mCapacity 3500 l/wkMotor 1.5kWhHeater 2 x 1kWhThermostatically controlledPower 30kWh/wk
dumbartonroad.files.wordpress.com
www.tidyplanet.co.uk/our-products/the-rocket/
Slide42Montclair University
Turning French Toast To Compost
May
5, 2009 by Jessica
Kitchin
New Jersey Monthly
Slide43In Vessel - Stationary
SV Composter™ (Engineered Compost Systems)Static Pile
Slide44Composting Time
Windrow & Backyard In Vessel Curing can take up to 4 more weeksCompost stabilizes w/further turning or air input
gwri.calpoly.edu
In-Vessel
Bays
(
Mechanical Agitation)
Slide45Trommel
Screen
www.columbiapa.net
Slide46Advantages
Natural fertilizer
Better soilBackyard/ on-site compostingLess waste going to landfills ~25%More efficient nutrient recyclingMarketable commodity
epa.gov
Slide47Disadvantages
Odors
Can control w/ static pile or in-vessel
R
espiratory & health issues at commercial scale
Backyard
Up front costs
Effort