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EFFECTS OF USING SUBSTANCES DURING PREGNANCY EFFECTS OF USING SUBSTANCES DURING PREGNANCY

EFFECTS OF USING SUBSTANCES DURING PREGNANCY - PowerPoint Presentation

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EFFECTS OF USING SUBSTANCES DURING PREGNANCY - PPT Presentation

CHILD CARE HEALTH CONSULTATION PROGRAM Sources cited Missouri Dept of Health amp Senior Services State Health Assessment 2013 March of Dimes 2007 American Pregnancy Association wwwamericanpregnancyorg ID: 569030

dimes effects march fetal effects dimes fetal march alcohol 2007 pregnancy health rate women maternal problems drug substance abuse

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Slide1

EFFECTS OF USING SUBSTANCES DURING PREGNANCY

CHILD CARE HEALTH CONSULTATION PROGRAM

Sources cited: Missouri Dept. of Health & Senior Services, State Health Assessment, 2013

March of Dimes, 2007

American Pregnancy Association:

www.americanpregnancy.org

Slide2

oBJECTIVES

BECOME FAMILIAR WITH SUBSTANCES THAT CAUSE HARM IF USED DURING PREGNANCY

BE AWARE AND PREPARED TO MAKE REFERRALS TO COMMUNITY RESOURCESSlide3

Some of the ‘numbers’

Missouri’s smoking rate at 23 percent

is slightly higher

than the

U.S rate of 21.2 percent.

The smoking

rate in the Southeast region is higher than the state rate.The life expectancy at birth for Missourians (76.9 years) is lower than for all Americans (78.1). The life expectancy at birth for residents in the Southeast region is nearly two years less than that for the state.

Missouri Dept. of Health & Senior Services, State Health Assessment, 2013Slide4

“Numbers” con’t

Missouri’s infant death

rate is

significantly greater than the U.S

. rate

but the infant death rate

for African Americans is more than double the rate for all Missourians.The impact of drug use in Missouri is felt in families, communities, the criminal justice system and the public health system. The Missouri drug arrest rate is significantly higher than the U.S. rate.

Missouri Dept. of Health & Senior Services, State Health Assessment, 2013Slide5

Substance abuse during pregnancy

Pregnant

women are less likely to use substances than their peers

.

The exception is pregnant women aged 15 to 17; this substance use rate is 26 percent for pregnant women, compared with 19.6 percent for

non-pregnant

women.March of Dimes, 2007Slide6

Substance abuse during pregnancy

Women more prone to substance abuse:

Earn below poverty level

Were exposed to violence as a child

Have a history of domestic abuse

Suffer depression or other mental health problems

Have less than a high school educationAre unmarriedAre unemployedAre involved with the criminal justice systemMarch of Dimes, 2007Slide7

Substance abuse during pregnancy

Substance use is highest in the first trimester

. (they may not know they’re pregnant)

The most common form of substance use in pregnancy is smoking among White women

.

Tobacco,

alcohol and drug use in pregnancy occurs across all demographic groups.March of Dimes, 2007Slide8

TobaccoSlide9

Tobacco Use in Pregnancy: Maternal Effects

Cigarette smoking is the most common form of substance abuse in pregnancy. It is linked to

:

Decreased fertility

Spontaneous abortion

Placenta

praeviaPlacental abruptionEctopic pregnancyPreterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM)Preeclampsia

March of Dimes, 2007Slide10

Tobacco Use in Pregnancy: Fetal Effects

Impaired transfer of oxygen and nutrition

Long-term cognitive function and increased risk of brain damage

Chronic low-level hypoxia

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)

Preterm delivery

Low birth weight (LBW) in term infantsMarch of Dimes, 2007Slide11

© 2007, March of Dimes

Tobacco Use in Pregnancy: Neonatal Effects

Impaired respiratory function in premature infants

Low neurobehavior scores and higher withdrawal-symptom scores

Asthma, respiratory illness and pneumonia

Infections of the middle ear

Increased risk of cancer and SIDS Slide12

alcoholSlide13

© 2007, March of Dimes

Alcohol Use in Pregnancy

There is no safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancy

(Jones &

Chambers

, 1999).Slide14

© 2007, March of Dimes

Alcohol Use in Pregnancy: Maternal Effects

Cardiovascular and liver disease

Breast and gynecological cancer

Osteoporosis

Menstrual symptoms

Neurological and mental health problems

Compromised ability to conceive

Spontaneous abortionSlide15

© 2007, March of Dimes

Alcohol Use in Pregnancy:

Fetal Effects

Abnormalities in brain and neuron development

Growth deficiency

Structural changes

PrematurityLBW

Decreased length and head circumferenceSlide16

© 2007, March of Dimes

Alcohol Use in Pregnancy: Neonatal Effects

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)

Fetal

alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Fetal alcohol effects (FAE)Slide17

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)

FASD = All problems that result from fetal exposure to alcohol

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)—Most common

Fetal Alcohol Effect

Alcohol-related

Neuro

-Development DisorderAlcohol-related Birth DefectsSlide18

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Effects are irreversible but 100% preventable!

Mental retardation

Malformation of bones and major organs

Central nervous system problems, poor motor skills

Death

Problems with growth & development/speech & hearingMay have distinct facial featuresSlide19

Fetal alcohol effects

Alcohol-related

Neuro

-Development Disorder

--mental

and behavioral impairments such as learning disabilities, poor school performance, poor impulse control, and problems with memory, attention and/or judgment.

Alcohol-related Birth Defects

--malformations

of the skeletal system and major organ systems such as defects of the heart, kidneys, bones, and/or auditory systemSlide20

How is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome different from Fetal Alcohol

Effects?

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a result of

high

doses

of

alcohol consumption during pregnancy such as binge drinking and/or drinking on a regular basis. Fetal Alcohol Effects are a result of moderate drinking throughout pregnancy. The effects of FAE are still irreversible and lifelong.Slide21

Illicit drugsSlide22

© 2007, March of Dimes

Marijuana: Maternal Effects

Is

the illicit drug most commonly used during pregnancy, although only 3.6 percent of pregnant women report using it

(SAMSHA, 2005)

Does

not cause a defined physical withdrawal syndromeHeavy use linked to lung problemsSlide23

© 2007, March of Dimes

Marijuana: Fetal and Neonatal Effects

Does not appear to cause anomalies or serious effects on the fetus

Does

not appear to decrease intelligence

Newborns

may show increased startle response, tremors, hand-to-mouth behavior and disturbed sleep patterns.Slide24

© 2007, March of Dimes

Cocaine: Maternal Effects

Hypertension

Tachycardia

Cardiac events and maternal death

Spontaneous abortion

Placental abruption Premature rupture of membranes (PROM)Slide25

© 2007, March of Dimes

Cocaine: Fetal Effects

Fetal

effects of cocaine are caused by the drug’s direct effects (vasoconstriction and

neuro

-excitation

) and by lifestyle issues that maternal drug use brings, including poor nutrition and avoidance of prenatal care.Slide26

© 2007, March of Dimes

Cocaine: Neonatal Effects

Jitteriness

Hyperactivity

Inconsolability

Poor feeding and state regulation

No physiological withdrawal: Neonates are not dependent on cocaine and do not need medication to lessen withdrawal.Slide27

© 2007, March of Dimes

Amphetamines: Maternal Effects

Stroke

Cardiac problems

Psychiatric emergencies

Growth restriction

Placental abruptionPreterm deliverySlide28

© 2007, March of Dimes

Amphetamines: Fetal and Neonatal Effects

Similar effects to cocaine, with decreased fetal growth

Some

researchers expect

that as

with cocaine, effects can be seen early in life but are quickly overpowered by environmental factors. Slide29

© 2007, March of Dimes

MDMA (Ecstasy): Maternal Effects

Anxiety

Twitching

Depression

Impaired cognitive processing and memory performanceSlide30

© 2007, March of Dimes

MDMA: Fetal and Neonatal Effects

Animal

studies do not show an increase in harmful fetal effects.

A small, uncontrolled, retrospective study suggests a possible increase in

heart defects

.Nurses should treat infants and families based on demonstrated health needs.Slide31

© 2007, March of Dimes

Heroin: Maternal Effects

Heroin

can cause severe physiological withdrawal symptoms, including fatal seizures when withheld for 12 to 48 hours.Slide32

© 2007, March of Dimes

Heroin: Treatment

Methadone

The most common treatment for heroin abuse in pregnant women

During pregnancy, brings addicted women into agencies that promote prenatal care

Buprenorphine

Linked to better treatment adherence with fewer side effects and overdoses than methadoneSlide33

© 2007, March of Dimes

Heroin: Fetal Effects

Opiates

, such as heroin, methadone and

buprenorphine

, have not been linked to fetal anomalies.

Fetal withdrawal responses include arrhythmias, seizure activity and fetal demise.Slide34

© 2007, March of Dimes

Heroin: Neonatal Effects

Drug withdrawal

Suck-swallow difficulties

Central nervous system (CNS) irritability

Gastrointestinal upset

YawningSneezing

Frantic sucking with uncoordinated feeding

High-pitched cry

Increased or decreased muscle toneSlide35

Providers’ roleSlide36

How can you help

Support children in your care who may have special needs as a result of some of these effects on them

Seek further training on children with special health care needs

Know your community resourcesSlide37

How you can help

Be aware of community resources for families that may need referral for help

Have information available to educate/inform (posters, flyers, brochures) in areas where adults gather.Slide38

Referrals and resourcesSlide39

© 2007, March of Dimes

Addiction Recovery

(Kearney, 1998)

Recovery

involves:

Abstinence

Self and psychological issuesConnections and relationships with men and women, family, community and cultureSlide40

Community resources

Local health departmentMedical providers

Mental health professionals

Associations (March of Dimes)

Web resources:

National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence

https://ncadd.org National Institute on Drug Abuse: www.drugabuse.govSlide41

Thank you