Who is responsible for enforcing the conditions set forth in the Treaty of Versailles The United States and Great Britain assume policy of isolation Ineffectual League of Nations Formation of the ID: 718497
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Slide1
The March Toward War…
AgainSlide2
Who is responsible for enforcing the conditions set forth in the Treaty of Versailles?
The United States and Great Britain assume policy of
isolationIneffectual League of NationsFormation of the Little Entente: France, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and RomaniaRapallo Pact (1922): Germany and the Soviet Union agree to dissolve outstanding debt and work in tandem to produce weapons
The Treaty of Versailles:
Lasting Peace or Short-Term Solution?Slide3
February
11, 1919: Friedrich Ebert elected President
Diktat: “Dictated Peace”1919: Rosa Luxembourg and Karl Liebknecht lead Spartacist coup to gain control of Berlin city governmentFreikorps intervene on behalf of the Republic only to stage their own failed coup: the Kapp Putsch (March 13, 1920) The Rise and Fall of The Weimar Republic
Hyperinflation at its HeightSlide4
January 1923
: French Prime Minister,
Raymond Poincaré, seeks to revive reparation payments by occupying the Ruhr Valley…crisis ensuesInvasion of the Ruhr ValleySlide5
September
1923: German Chancellor,
Gustav Stresemann, takes actionOrders German workers in Ruhr Valley to go back to workMark replaced with the Reichsmark (Rentenmark)Dawes Plan (1923): US backs German currency and reduces reparation paymentsHyperinflation and the Weimar ResponseSlide6
Locarno Pact
(1925
): Germany recognizes Western borderAgrees to revise Eastern borders through discussion with Poland and CzechoslovakiaAllows Germany to enter the League of Nations (1926) Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928): Culminates in the signing of a pact “to renounce war as an instrument of national policy”The “Spirit of Locarno”:
A False Sense of SecuritySlide7
Long-term problems exacerbate financial crisis:
Overproduction of consumer and agricultural goods
Consumers rely on credit-financingUS Stock Market Crash ignites global financial crisis:Failure of Creditanstalt, leading Austrian bank (1931)Sharp decline in global trade leads to increased protective tariffs
Governments cut budgets, reduce spending
The Great DepressionSlide8
World War I alters Britain’s dominant trade position
Pre-war welfare legislation eases initial blow
Tension erupts between workers and the government resulting in the General Strike (1926)Forces the British government to address the even bigger issue of imperialism – formal autonomy granted to Egypt and the Irish Free StateResponses to the Great Depression:Great BritainSlide9
The Impact of the Depression on Europe (1928 - 1934)Slide10
Liberal economic theory dictates that government cut the budget and raise taxes
John Maynard Keynes challenges theory in his
General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936)While not initially influential, Keynesian economics gain influence after 1945Responses to the Great Depression:Economic TheorySlide11
Fascism
One leader, one party
Glorify war, nationalismControl masses through mediaCommunismOne party, the “dictatorship of the proletariat”Capitalism means of exploitationState-controls means of productionGlorify working classControl masses through media
Responses to the Great Depression:
TotalitarianismSlide12
The March to War: Appeasement
The Manchurian Crisis: 1931Slide13
The March to War:
Appeasement
Italy Invades Ethiopia: 1935Slide14
The March to War: Appeasement
Re-Militarization of the RhinelandSlide15
The March to War: Appeasement
The Rome-Berlin Axis (1936)Slide16
The March to War: Appeasement
The Spanish Civil WarSlide17
The March to War: Appeasement
The Austrian Anschluss (1937)Slide18
Military conflicts with Arab explorers over the religious conversion of indigenous peoples
Seizure of Muslim coastal forts to serve as Portuguese trading posts and military bases
The discovery of the Christian ruler of Ethiopia, Prester JohnThe sacking of Istanbul by Portuguese explorersThe destruction of the Dutch East India CompanyPortuguese commercial expansion overseas in the 16
th
Century resulted in:Slide19
Military conflicts with Arab explorers over the religious conversion of indigenous peoples
Seizure of Muslim coastal forts to serve as Portuguese trading posts and military bases
The discovery of the Christian ruler of Ethiopia, Prester JohnThe sacking of Istanbul by Portuguese explorersThe destruction of the Dutch East India CompanyPortuguese commercial expansion overseas in the 16
th
Century resulted in:Slide20
“Peace with honor…peace for our time”
- Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
The March to War: AppeasementThe Munich Conference (1938)Slide21
Following the
Munich Conference
Czechoslovakia peacefully cedes the Sudetenland to HitlerMarch 1939: Hitler invades independent CzechoslovakiaNext up…POLANDAugust 1939: Signing of the Non-Aggression Pact ensures German-Soviet neutralityTime to rethink Appeasement?Slide22
Blitzkrieg:
“Lightning war”
Secures German control of:DenmarkNorwayHollandOperation Dynamo rescues troops from beaches of Dunkirk
Battle of Britain
(July 1940)
And so it Begins…Slide23
Aristocratic lineage
Service to the state
WealthEthnic originMembership in the Orthodox ChurchOne of the main aims of the reforms in Russia under Peter the Great was to make Social Status more dependent on:Slide24
Aristocratic lineage
Service to the state
WealthEthnic originMembership in the Orthodox ChurchOne of the main aims of the reforms in Russia under Peter the Great was to make Social Status more dependent on:Slide25
Early American InvolvementSlide26
Operation
BarBarossaSlide27
Goal: European DominationSlide28
Nobility
Town councils
Polish monarchRussian monarchHapsburg EmpireIn 17th Century Poland, the most significant political influence was exercised by the:Slide29
Nobility
Town councils
Polish monarchRussian monarchHapsburg EmpireIn 17th Century Poland, the most significant political influence was exercised by the:Slide30
Hitler’s Hierarchy:
Aryans
Nordic peoplesFrenchSlavs and Jews
Lebensraum
Nuremberg Laws
(1935)
T-4 Program: precursor to Hitler’s “
Final Solution
”
Einsatzgruppen
: German Special Action
Units
Wannsee
Conference
(1942)
Hitler’s “New Order”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3pD4V7v6ZVcSlide31
What inspired the people who actually worked in the midst of the killing machine?
Was it extreme anti-Semites who became Hitler’s “willing executioners?”
Was it heightened peer pressure?Was it desire to accelerate through military ranks?Was it the need to prove ones strength in the midst of such horrific violence?Was this responsible for turning average Germans into reluctant killers?To what extent was Nazi propaganda effective in conditioning soldiers to commit these atrocities?Who is to Blame?Slide32
US, Britain, and the Soviet Union form the “
Grand Alliance
” – united only by desire to defeat the Axis Powers“Europe First”Teheran Conference (1943): Adopt policy of unconditional surrenderIndustrial prowess and man-power effectively shift the tide of warReluctant AlliesSlide33
First government formed after the
F
rench RevolutionCivil war fought between Roman Catholics and ProtestantsRevolt over increasing centralization of royal powerWars between France and the Holy Roman EmpireStyle of architecture developed under Louis XIVThe French Fronde is best described as the:Slide34
First government formed after the
F
rench RevolutionCivil war fought between Roman Catholics and ProtestantsRevolt over increasing centralization of royal powerWars between France and the Holy Roman EmpireStyle of architecture developed under Louis XIVThe French Fronde is best described as the:Slide35
May 1942: Battle of
El AlameinSpring 1943: Invasion of SicilySummer 1943: Soviets put Germany on the offensiveJune 6, 1944: D-DayMarch 1945: Allies cross German borderApril 26, 1944: US and Russian soldiers meet at the Elbe RiverThe Allied VictorySlide36
“A date which will live in infamy!”
December 7, 1941Slide37
the Pacific TheaterSlide38
The Cost of WarSlide39
A rising birth rate among all classes
The virtual elimination of the bubonic plague through successful inoculation
Greater freedom of choice in selecting marriage partnersA steady decline in bread prices, especially after 1750An overall decline in the death rateWhich of the following was most responsible for the steady population growth in 18th century Europe?Slide40
A rising birth rate among all classes
The virtual elimination of the bubonic plague through successful inoculation
Greater freedom of choice in selecting marriage partnersA steady decline in bread prices, especially after 1750An overall decline in the death rateWhich of the following was most responsible for the steady population growth in 18th century Europe?Slide41
40 – 50 million dead (mostly civilians)
Widespread destruction of infrastructure
30 – 50 million displaced persons (DPs) wander Europe to find family, friends, a homeEurope’s colonial influence shatteredTraditional values face question, critique following the warBreakdown of economic activityConditions precipitate the Cold WarAll analysis aside, WWII stands as the single largest event in the History of the human raceResults of WWIISlide42
Women’s suffrage
Accident and unemployment insurance
The right of workers to unionize and strikeA written constitution and wider suffrageThe establishment of overseas colonies to improve conditions at homeEuropean Liberals in the first half of the 19th Century typically supported:Slide43
Women’s suffrage
Accident and unemployment insurance
The right of workers to unionize and strikeA written constitution and wider suffrageThe establishment of overseas colonies to improve conditions at homeEuropean Liberals in the first half of the 19th Century typically supported: