. Ancient Greece : Located among mountains - PowerPoint Presentation

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.

Ancient Greece

: Located among mountains

and hills, surrounded by Mediterranean Sea and limited rich soil

Ancient Rome: Located next to a river; citybuilt on many hills; limited rich soil; focal point for an empire

Influence of geography on history

Mediterranean Basin: Greco-RomanCivilizationSlide3

Greece and Rome

Continuities

Changes

DemocraciesGreek cultureColumns and engineeringControlled the Mediterranean

Golden AgesPolytheisticFormer colonies of each otherGreat militaries (army and navies)Both held coloniesMerchants importantLarge slave populationPatriarchalStatuaryPantheon vs ParthenonCentralized vs decentralizedRoman Empire largerRepublic vs Direct DemocracyLatin vs

GreekChristianity (Rome and Constantine)Silk road for Roman tradeExtended citizenship to conquered subjectsRoman fell to nomadic barbariansRoman RoadsSlide4

From 600 B.C.E-600 C.E in the Classical Mediterranean,

The role of civic participation in government would

Continue from Athenian to Roman democracy, the

Mediterranean would serve as a conduit of goodsAnd ideas, however, the introduction of ChristianityBy Roman Emperor Constantine would change the Religious Ideology for countless souls throughoutThe Mediterranean regionOr just a snapshotThe classical age in the Mediterranean saw the decline and fall of the Greek PoleisAnd the rise of Alexander’s Macedonian Empire. The traditionally Greek (Hellenic)

Culture became intermingled with Persian, Egyptian and Indian cultures (Hellenistic). The polytheistic religion, however, of the Mediterranean would remain solidly intactSlide5

From 600 B.C.E-600 C.E in the Mediterranean, the Greek polis of Athens developed from a monarchy to a aristocracy

To eventually a direct democracy under the leadership of Pericles, the Addition of vowels to the Phoenician alphabet

Made a more literate and educated society under the love of wisdom (philosophy) however the need to develop colonies

Surrounding the Mediterranean remained an essential for the need of resources and trading itemsAlexander the Great from 600 B.C.E-600 C.E extended the Mediterranean Empires East by combining the Greek Indian, Persian and Egyptian Cultures ( Hellenistic), the importance of trade amongst the Mediterranean colonies as Well as the importance of polytheistic deities all remained essential to explain the daily activities.In the Mediterranean region 600 B.C.E- 600 C.E, Rome developed from a monarchy to a republic and eventually an Empire, the polytheistic deities which guided Roman Emperors lost their importance to many lower classes to the

Burgeoning religion of Christianity, yet, the importance of a well-trained military for protection and building would See Rome through a Pax.The Mediterranean from 600 B.C.E-600 C.E would see various experiments with democratic principles from direct toRepresentative democracy, the struggle for predominance in the region would vacillate between Greek, Hellenistic and Roman militaries through a variety of wars (Persian,Pelloponesian, Punic) however the run of Empire building through \Dynamic naval forces would continue.Slide6
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Social Studies SOL 3.1 The student will explain how the contributions of ancient Greece and Rome have influenced

the present world in terms of architecture, government (direct and representative democracy), and sports.

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I. From

600 B.C.E-600 C.E in the Mediterranean the evolution and experiment with democratic values would still see the consolidation of one ruler, trade and conflict over Mediterranean colonies would continue, however, new belief systems like Christianity would challenged the order of earlier polytheistic deities.

Although Athens would

extend a direct democracy and Rome

would become a republic, the need to protect the masses and maintain law and order during wars and invasions would see the rise of monarchs like Alexander of Macedonia and Augustus CaesarSince the resources and colonies around the Mediterranean like Cairo, Carthage,, Athens, Syracuse were rich in ore, agricultural products and dyes and perfumes wars like the Persian, Peloponnesian

and Punic were fought to maintain hegemony ( dominance) Although the traditional beliefs of Gods of Sun (Apollo

), Sea( Poseidon/Neptune) and Chief Gods ( Zeus/Jupiter) , the increasing appeal of Christianity amongst the

poor

and nomads and its subsequent persecution and disorder, led Constantine to legalize it ( Edict of Milan) and universalize it ( Council of

Nicaea)

to

which

its spread along routes and maritime trade routes

People generally bend to the will of a strongman when threatened during times of uncertainty and chaos where order will trump rights.

The Empires of Greece, Macedonia, and Rome developed strong navies for the purpose of collecting

tariffs,

establish their dominance and balancing their budgets to

maintain

empire.

While state-sponsorship of belief systems helped to maintain

the status quo, the appeal of Christianity to the masses and the promise of salvation for adherents led to the mass appeal and increase of Christianity as a universalizing religion.Slide9

The ancient Greeks and Romans

have influenced the lives of people

today.Slide10

Direct democracy

:

a government in which people vote to make their own rules and laws

Representative democracy: a government in which people vote for (elect) a smaller group of citizens to make their rules and laws for everyoneRepublic – system of government in which representatives are chosen by the people. It is a form of democracy

Rule of law - government by law. The rule of law implies that government authority may only be exercised in accordance with written laws, which were adopted through an established procedure.Slide11

Classical Greece

emerged ca. 750 BCE, flourished for about 400 years

Distinctiveness of Hellenic civilization

City-states (POLIS) political units made up of a city & surrounding lands, shared common language and common godsEach polis had a distinct form of governmentColonization around Mediterranean basin and Black Sea

How did the geography of Greece present obstacles to a unified Greek country?Slide12

Popular participation in political life of city-states (polis)

Equality of all citizens before law

Extent of citizenship varied by time period & city

Only wealthy and well-born at firstGradually expanded to middle- & lower-class menElement was ability to afford armor & weapons to fight as hoplites Tyrants (dictators) emerged in many areas, supported by poorer classes against the richSlide13

Athens

Government:

Limited democracy (only male citizens could participate), Council of 500 which made the laws, voting Assembly.Soldiers: Citizen soldiers - only during wartimeSlaves: No political rights or freedoms. Owned by individuals

Women: Cared for the home, limited political rights.Education:Upper class boys only. Military training and preparation for government involvement. Knowledge was important for a democratic government.

SpartaGovernment: Two kings (military generals) and a council of elders. Citizens were male, native born, over 30.Soldiers: Military society, all males prepared to be soldiers from birth. Soldiers from age 7 – 30.

SlavesOwned by the StateWomen: Prepared physically for fighting, right to inherit property, must obey men.Education:Boys only. Military based training from age 7. Taught to fight. Prohibition against trade, travel and mixing with other city-states.Slide14

Athenian "democracy" was restricted in scope and in time

Citizens had time for public service largely because they owned slaves.

Most residents of Athens were not citizens and had no say in government.

During the era of Pericles (about 30 years), the population was about 450,000, and less than 10% were adult male citizens with the power to vote.About 18% of the population were foreign-born with no legal rights and 55% of the residents of Athens were enslaved. Women had no political rights.Slide15

Collision: Persian Wars

490 – 479 BCE

The Greek city-states did not unite until faced with a common enemy:

Persia

Notion of East/West divide as dominant theme in European thought:Greece: Europe, freedomPersia: Asia, despotismSlide16

Athens

–

The City Pericles Built

Direct Democracy – Citizen assembly voted directly on laws

Huge construction projects – Acropolis and Parthenon rebuiltEmphasis on arts, architecture, philosophy and medicineSlide17

Peloponnesian War

(431-404 BCE)

Sparta led resistance to Athenian imperialism (Athenian naval power had led to dominance over allies)

Athens defeatedGreek states were exhausted, distrusted each otherOpening the way to takeover by Macedonia, a frontier region on the northern edge of GreeceSlide18

Ancient

GreeceSlide19

Collision: Alexander

& The Hellenistic EraSlide20

The World of Alexander the Great, 333 BCE – 323 BCE

Philip conquered Greece in 359 BCE; his next conquest was to be the Persian empire.

The Macedonian army was the most superbly trained in the world. It made use of the phalanx configuration.

Philip was assassinated before he could attack and conquer Persia.

His son, Alexander, at the age of 20 took the throne and created a massive Greek empire that reached from Egypt and Anatolia to Afghanistan and India.Slide21

Upon the death of

Alexander the Great

in 323 BCE, his empire began to divide and dissolve. However, Alexander left behind a legacy of Greek thought, language and custom that survives in part today.

The Legacy of Alexander

Local cultures assimilated Greek ideas and language. They became Hellenic – or “Greek like” The Hellenistic Age is the age of the dissemination of Greek culture after through much of Asia and Egypt. A simplified form of Greek was widely spoken from Mediterranean to India. Encouraged the work of scholars in cities that were newly founded. Built libraries all over the empire – especially at Alexandria, Egypt. Emphasized mathematics, medicine, science and philosophy.Slide22

Roman Empire across three continents - Roman rule

Replaced that of Greeks in western part of Hellenistic

world, continuing to spread Greek culture and ideas.Slide23

Social Studies SOL 3.1 The student will explain how the contributions of ancient Greece and Rome have influenced

the present world in terms of architecture, government (direct and representative democracy), and sports.

.Slide24

The Republic of Rome, about 509 BCE

Republic: System of government in which officials are elected by the people.

Senate:

Most powerful governing body. 300 members – all patricians. Made the laws.First laws codified into the Twelve Tables

Two Consuls – elected by Senate. Ran the government and the army.Conflict with poorer classes developed into a political role for Tribunes – elected by the people (plebeians) and could vote legislationJudges – Oversaw courts cases

Pride in republican values: rule of law, citizens' rights, lack of pretension, morality and a work ethic - "the way of the ancestors"Slide25

The Creation of Empire

Beginning in 490s BCE with wars to control Italian peninsula, the creation of empire was extended to a competition for control of the Mediterranean Sea with the

Carthaginians

in Africa.

After three wars with the Carthaginians – called the Punic wars – the Romans emerged as the supreme rulers of the Mediterranean area.Slide26

Creation of Empire

“The Carthaginians fought for their own preservation and the sovereignty of Africa. The Romans for supremacy and world domination.” ( a Greek witness to the destruction of Carthage.)

The Romans were committed to a policy of imperialism - domination by one state of the political, economic or cultural life of another weaker state or region.Slide27

Political Crisis of

First Century BCE

Widespread use of slave labor from conquered territories. Slave labor forced small farmers out of business. Led to mass unemployment and poverty.

Mob riots and corruption in the government. Attempts at reform failed.Civil wars began. Julius Caesar emerged as dictator of Rome, decline of republican valuesCaesar Augustus (r. 27 BCE - 14 BCE) as first emperor with sole authoritySlide28
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Pax

Romana

Latin for "the Roman peace", is the long period of peace experienced by states within the Roman Empire. The term stems from the fact that Roman rule and

its legal system pacified regions which had suffered from the quarrels between rival leaders, sometimes forcefully. During this time Rome still fought a number of wars against neighboring states and tribes, most notably the Germanic tribes and Parthia. It was an era of relative tranquility, in which Rome endured neither major civil wars, such as the perpetual bloodshed of the first century BCE, nor serious invasions. Characterized by rule by emperors and a lack of democracy but security and relative prosperity.Slide30

Roman Achievement

Roman Roads

- As early as the 4th century BCE, a good road system was recognized as vital for military deployment, communication and increasing commerce. By having an option to traveling around the peninsula or along the coast line of Italy, travelers and merchants could avoid some threat of storms, pirates and navigational problems.

Well trained and extensive military. Because the military presence on Roman roads was so extensive, travel and trade were safer and much faster.

Roman rule of law - An accused person is innocent until proven guilty.Slide31

ROME: Aqueducts

ROME: The Pantheon

ROME:

The Colosseum

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