Chapter 9 Expansion Leads to Conflict Main Idea Americans in large numbers followed trails to the West in the 1840s and 1850s Chapter 9 Section 1 Manifest Destiny Americans Head West Population and size of country grew rapidly by the 1840s ID: 678792
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Big Picture: Between 1830 and 1860 Americans by the thousands migrated westward into the frontier wilderness. In 1846, souring relations led to war between Mexico and the United States, and the outcome defined America’s borders.
Chapter 9: Expansion Leads to ConflictSlide2
Main Idea: Americans in large numbers followed trails to the West in the 1840s and 1850s
Chapter 9 Section 1: Manifest DestinySlide3
Americans Head WestPopulation and size of country grew rapidly by the 1840s
Many Americans believed the idea that the nation had a
God-given
right to all of North America
Little thought was given to the impact on others of this belief
Believed in manifest destiny
Mountain men went to trap and tradeMissionaries hoped to convert Native Americans to ChristianityLumberjacks and miners went to capitalize on natural resourcesFarmers moved for vast, rich landEntrepreneurs knew if they were first to set up shop the greater their chance for success
Manifest Destiny
Reasons to Migrate WestSlide4
What does the artist try to portray?Slide5
Major Western Trails
The Santa Fe and Oregon Trail
Santa Fe Trail: 800-miles from Independence, MO to Santa Fe, NM
Began as a
trade
route; by the 1840s, it served as a route for migrants heading west
Oregon Trail: 2,000-miles from Independence, MO to Willamette Valley in ORParts of it used by Native Americans for centuries, Lewis and Clark used parts on their expedition, along with fur traders and mountain menSlide6
The Mormon Trail
1830,
Joseph Smith
founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in NY, called Mormons
In 5 years they attracted some
8,000 followersThey faced hostility for their beliefs, like men being able to have several wives
They migrated to area around Great Salt Lake (present-day Utah) with Brigham YoungSlide7
The Gold Rush
Gold Fever
Gold is discovered in the American River in 1848
many headed to CA to strike it
rich
!
Most in the US did not believe until President James K. Polk announced he believed the supply to be large and found in various placesRush to CaliforniaThe gold rush is the mass migration of miners and businesspeople to CAThe migrants that left for CA in 1849 were called
forty-ninersMore than 80,000 arrive80% are from the US
Most traveled over land; others booked passage on a shipSlide8
Booming CitiesUpon reaching CA, most miners moved into mining camps in the gold fields
Others, especially businessmen, settled in the cities
San Francisco in 1848 had
800
people, one year later more than
25,000
by 1860 it was home to some 60,000 peopleSlide9
Major Effects of Westward Migration
The Oregon Treaty
James K. Polk, presidential candidate, campaigned to secure the region of OR for the US
“Fifty-four Forty or Fight!” was talking about the 54º40’ N latitude which marked the northern boundary of Oregon Country
Polk won presidency but retreated from his pledge and settled at the
49
th parallel with Great BritainSlide10
Communication Links
Westward migration led to a need for
better communication
Butterfield Trail, private stagecoach line ran
Pony Express, relied on young riders and fast horses
Telegraph linked East to West and made the Pony Express obsoleteThe greatest effect was on the Native Americans whose life was changed forever
.Slide11
Chapter 9 ReviewWrite the Question and the Answer
Chapter 9 Section 1
What factor triggered the largest wave of migration to the West?
Why was a journey west in the 1840s and 1850s a huge adventure?
What effect might the railroad have on the land in the western part of the United States?Slide12
Main Idea: American settlers in Texas revolted against the Mexican government and created the independent Republic of Texas.
Chapter 9 Section 2: Texas IndependenceSlide13
The Spanish Settle Texas
Hundreds of Native American groups had lived in TX for thousands of years
Spanish were the first Europeans to visit Texas
They attempt to settle Texas with the
mission system
-small settlement started with goal to convert Native Americans to Catholicism
Usually included a fortThey believed it would make the Native Americans loyal to the Spanish – they did not.Slide14
Americans Move into Texas
Moses Austin (1820), former banker, proposed a plan to the Spanish to settle Texas
Austin died before he could start the colony
Stephen Austin (his son) carried out his plans
1823, he established his colony
Mexico had gained its independence from Spain
It granted large pieces of land to empresarios-contractors who agreed to start coloniesBy 1830 more than 30,000 settlers in TX4,000 were Tejanos-Texans of Mexican heritageSlide15
The Texas Revolution
Conditions of Settling Texas
Become Mexican citizen
Adopt the Roman Catholic religion
Outlawed slavery
Most settlers did
not complyBelieved they were Americans who happened to live in Mexico and remained loyal to the USMexicans grew concernedCancelled empresario contractsPut tariffs on trade with USAngered settlersSlide16
Tensions in Texas
1827, US offers to buy Texas and Mexico refuses
Texans began to protest, which grew bloody
Antonio Lopez de
Santa Anna
became president of MexicoTexans attack Mexican force at Gonzales and won
Start of Texas RevolutionTexans formed a government Sam Houston given task of raising armySlide17
The Alamo
Texan forces captured San Antonio, which contained a fort called the Alamo
Santa Anna led an army of
6,000
to the fort
William Travis, Texan leader, only had
200Nearly all were killed when the Mexican army attackedTexans were also defeated at Refugio and Goliad (Mexican army massacred prisoners)Slide18
Santa Anna followed Houston’s forces to San JacintoTexans defeated the Mexicans and captured Santa AnnaSanta Anna was
forced
to sign the Treaties of Velasco
Texas became a separate nation called the Republic of TexasSlide19
Chapter 9 ReviewWrite the Question and the Answer
Chapter 9 Section 2
List at least 2 main goals of the Spanish mission system.
How were the tensions within Texas similar to those between the United States and Mexico?
How did the American losses at the Alamo affect the Texas Revolution?Slide20
Main Idea: Soon after annexing Texas, the United States declared war on Mexico
Chapter 9 Section 3: War with MexicoSlide21
The Annexation of TexasAmericans believed in manifest destiny-adds large land area to country
Texas Revolution just like American Revolution
Texas
allowed slavery
, meaning more political power
Fear of bearing substantial Texas debt
Opposed spread of slavery increasing voting power in CongressNothing in Constitution about admitting an independent nationPro-AnnexationAnti-Annexation
Annexation approved
Texas apart of the US
December 29, 1845Slide22
Tensions Led to Mexican-American War
Texas Annexation
1836, Texas gained independence from Mexico
TX boundary is still disputed by the Mexican government
US 1
st
recognized Nueces River as boundary; Texans claimed it was further south at the Rio GrandePresident Polk wanted the land between Texas and the Pacific OceanPolk sent a special messenger to Mexico (1845) and offered to pay $30 million for New Mexico and California; ,messenger ignoredSlide23
Meanwhile, Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to advance into the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grande
Polk used April 25
th
skirmish as an excuse to request Congress to declare war on
Mexico
Ignoring boundary was in dispute, Polk charged the Mexicans had “invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil.”
US declared war on Mexico May 13, 1846Slide24
Fighting the WarUS uses
aggressive
strategy to win
General Stephen Kearny easily captured towns hoping to gain control of California
Rebels forced Mexican government to sign treaty turning over CA on June 14, 1846 ~ became Republic of California
General
Winfield Scott landed at the Gulf and led forces inland to Mexico City in Sept. 1847Within months, US forces had captured NM and CA, Mexico’s capital fell government Slide25
Results of the WarTreaty of Guadalupe HidalgoSigned in 1848
Mexico forced to turn over to the US a huge tract of land (Mexican Cession)
US paid Mexico
$15 million
and drop the $3 million damages
Gadsden Purchase1853
Clarified the treaty boundary and transferred more land to the USPolk pleased, not all Americans proud of warDebate continues today over justificationSlide26
Chapter 9 ReviewWrite the Question and the Answer
Chapter 9 Section 3
Why was the Mexican government angry about the annexation of Texas?
What controversial action did President Polk take that may have resulted in the war with Mexico?
How did the United States take advantage of its military victories over Mexico?Slide27
Chapter 9 ReviewWrite the Question and the Answer
President James Polk strongly supported the territorial expansion of the United States.
“To enlarge [the United States] is to extend the dominions of peace over additional territories and increasing millions...my duty [is] to assert and maintain ...the right of the United States to that portion of our territory which lies beyond the Rocky Mountains...The world beholds the peaceful triumphs of the industry of our emigrants...The jurisdiction of our laws...should be extended over them in the distant regions which they have selected for their homes”
~ President James K. Polk, Inaugural Address
What does Polk see as his duty?
What reasons does Polk give to support U.S. expansion
?Slide28
Chapter 9 ReviewWrite the Question and answer
What does “the whole country” refer to?
The Sierra Nevada
The United States
f
armers
much of California
“The whole country, from San Francisco to Los Angeles, and from the sea shore to the base of the Sierra Nevada resounds with the sordid cry of ‘gold, GOLD, GOLD!’ while the field is left half-planted, the house half-built, and everything neglected but the manufacture of shovels and pickaxes.”
~ San Francisco Californian, May 29,
1848
San Francisco
Los Angeles