Political Change Max Cameron Poli 332 Historical Periods Monarchy rather than anarchy 18221891 Late establishment of oligarchic republic 18911930 Populism Estado Novo and fragile democracy 19301964 ID: 631716
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Slide1
Brazil: Cycles of (Gradual) Political Change
Max Cameron
Poli
332Slide2
Historical Periods
Monarchy rather than anarchy (1822-1891)
Late establishment of oligarchic republic (1891-1930)
Populism, Estado Novo and fragile democracy (1930-1964)
The bureaucratic-authoritarian state (1964-1985)
R
edemocratization
and moderate neoliberal reforms (1985-2002)
Left turn (and denouement) (2002-2016)Slide3
Stylized Facts
Monarchy
Oligarchy
Populism
BA state
Re-democratization
Agro-
export
economy
ISI &
Incorporation
Neoliberalism
Left turns
19
th C to 1930
1930-1960
1960-1980
Exhaustion of ISI
1980-2000
2000-
Left
turnSlide4
Colonial PeriodD
ifferences with the rest of the region:
Portugal less developed than Spain
Little emphasis on education, no printing press in Brazil
Slavery a dominant institution, not
completely abolished
until 1888Slide5
1. Independence and Monarchy, 1822
No period of anarchy. September
1822,
colonial ruler Pedro declared
independence. He was crowned Emperor Pedro I.
This
commencement of national life under the rule of the same individual who governed in the name of Portugal allowed Brazil to avoid the vacuum of legitimate authority that plagued the rest of the countries of the region.Slide6
Social Classes
Brazil was
dominated
by by the
landowners from the Northeast
, Rio
de Janerio, Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo. The export economy was dominated by agriculture (sugar, tobacco, cotton) and mining
(gold and diamonds). Local merchants formed a bourgeois nucleus, but played no role in
exports. Little manufacturing.Pyramidal, dualistic society: 95 percent of population (slaves, farmers, artisans) excludedSlide7
Politics under Monarchy
Conflict
between central authorities and
provinces
Two main parties:
Liberal
(based in Sao Paulo, Minas Gerias and Rio Grande do Sul) who supported decentralization and Conservatives (Bahia,
Pernambuco, Rio de Janerio) favored centralized bureaucracy. Gradual evolution towards a parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Paraguayan war (1865) won, but hurt monarchy and caused unrestSlide8
Excursus: Abolition of Slavery
1860s abolitions movement begin to gather widespread support.
1871: “Law of the Free Womb.” Free born child required to render service to the mother’s master until the age of twenty.
1885: “
Sexagenerian
Law.” Freed all slaves over 65. Slaves also resisted. By 1887 there were massive escapes from plantations, especially in Sao Paulo
1888: “Golden Law”.
The struggle ended officially, with the total and immediate abolition without compensation. Slide9
2. Establishment of Oligarchic Republic
November 1889,
junior
officers, lead a coup against the emperor.
The
transition from the empire
was not a social revolution and was virtually bloodless. Constitution of 1891: Brazil becomes a republic and oligarchic democracyMilitary plays larger roleMore decentralized
Pact among governorsThe economic autonomy of the states facilitated industrial development in regions such as Sao PauloRise of “Sao Paulo dynasty.” Sao Paulo coffee producers become leading element in the governing coalitionSlide10
Coronelismo
The republic did
not change the basic facts of life in traditional rural areas.
Colonelismo
was Brazil’s version of caudillo rule in rural areas
Rural political machines controlled to countryside.
Electoral fraud usually occurred in the countryside, where landowners hired agents manipulated semi-literate voters. Cooptation of middle sectors
through clientelism in the urban areasSlide11
Early Industrialization
Although the economy was based on raw material exports (
Coffee,
sugar
, cotton, rubber,
cacao) early industrialization occurred (even before World
War I, II, or the crash in 1929) Occurred at the same time as agro-export growth, under protective tariffsOver production of coffee (Brazil supplied most of the world market) caused a gradual shift towards
the investment in industrySlide12
Social QuestionGrowth of
industry
in the
1920s created opportunities
for better organization of the urban labor unions.
But unions remained weak and were targets or repression by employers and police
Migration from country to city, and international migrationSlide13
3. Populism under Getulio Vargas, (1930-1945, 1951-1954)
Vargas takes power after an armed rebellion and coup in 1929-30. End of oligarchy (landlords lose power). Introduces
Estado Novo
(a corporatist state)
Constitution of
1934Federal structureFree elections
Judicial independenceWelfareLabour codeVargas sought to accelerate
economic development, incorporate labor, strengthen state capacity, and encourage popular participation within corporatist structuresSlide14
Incorporation of Labor
Creation of two new Ministries:
Labor, Industry, and Commerce; Education and Health
Unions incorporated and controlled by the state.
1931
was created the law of unionization
– which allowed unions under the control of the ministry of work.
Creation of “leis trabalhistas”: Eight hour work, minimal wage, holidays, pension system and social security. Slide15
Development Strategy
Import
substitution
industrialization replaces coffee exports as economic driver
Industry declined then recovered in the 1930s
Rapid industrialization (5.4 percent)
from 1940-45. This was the
most striking accomplishment of Vargas era. Industrialization did not result in a sudden replacement of the dominant coffee led agricultural elite by the urban industrial sector or middle class.
Instead the end of the coffee oligarchy resulted in a state not exclusively serving the interests of any one socioeconomic sectorSlide16
End of Vargas’ Estado Novo
Removed by military in 1945
by coup
d'etat
End of World War II: victory of democratic forces around the worldUnited States that wanted Brazil have a government more attuned to their
interestsElections in 1945: re-establishment of representative institutions. New parties formed.Vargas makes come-back in 1950; 1954 commits suicide.Slide17
Populist Reformism and Moderate Perception of Threat (1956-1964
Kubitschek
(
developmentalist
) 1956-
61Joao Goulart’s (populist) 1961-64Agrarian reform
Nationalization of oilAgainst foreign investmentExtension of vote to illiteratesLimits on private property Educational reform
Fears of Communism in aftermath of Cuban revolutionSlide18
4. Moderately Repressive BA State (1964-1985)
BA State: Formation of a coup coalition
Relatively lower level of repression, maintained elections at state and local levels
Institutional Act no. 1. Law that established military rule
Alliance between military, technocrats, capitalists (local and international)
Emergence of weak guerrilla threat
Crisis of ISI during military rule, pursues deepening Brazil’s economy continues to be diversifiedSlide19
Hardliners vs. Softliners
Castello
Branco
: political
parties were dissolved.
Emilio
Garrstazu Medici (1969-1974) considered the most repressive. Ernesto
Geisel (1974-1979) was soft-liner. He announced the intention to slowly, gradually and sustained political openness process.
Baptista de Oliverira
Figueiredo (1979-85): Amnesty Law by decree. Allowing politicians, artists, and other exiled Brazilians to return. In
1979 government approved law allowing parties to re-organizeIn 1978 in Sao
Paulo. Emergence of LulaHuman rights becomes issue, especially for Catholic ChurchBusiness opposition to economic mismanagementSlide20
5. Redemocratization (1985-89)
Tancredo
Neves
elected 1985, died and was replaced by Jose
Sarney
(1985-89)
Constitution of 1989Congress served as constitutional assemblyFeatures of the constitutionLong & detailedSocial rights emphasized
Recognition of municipalitiesPolicy conferencesPresidential system with strong decree powers for the presidentSlide21
NeoliberalismNeoliberal period
brief and moderated
Fernando
Collor
de
Mello, 1989-
92Tried to launch ambitious plan to liberalize economy but was accused of corruption and impeached Itamar Franco, 1992-95 (caretaker)
Fernando Henrique Cardoso 1995-2002 Elected for popularity with Plan Real which brought inflation under control Cardoso stabilized the economy but Brazil was hit by the 1999 financial crisis and forced to devalueSlide22
The Key to Cardoso’s success?Slide23
Mild left turn: Lula of the Partido dos
Trabalhadores
(Workers’ Party or PT) elected 2002, governs until 2010;
Dilma
Rousseff 2010 –
2016Lula 2002: Although a product of the political left and grassroots movements, Lula moved to the center during his final campaign in order to draw support from
the urban middle class and the international communityLula embraced an orthodox monetary policy, meant to further economic stability, control inflation, and give the Central Bank autonomy, despite complaints of growing fiscal negligence.
The administration succeeded in winning Congress’ approval, albeit at the cost of losing part of his support base.
6. Brazil’s Left TurnSlide24
Participatory innovations
“Democracy
is more inclusive and participatory than ever before
.” –
Hagopian
(p. 124).Fome Zero food distribution program was
an operational failure, so Lula’s administration expanded Bolsa Familia , which rewarded poor
families for sending their children to school and providing inoculations.In the economy, President Lula successfully reduced poverty and boosted the minimum wage, practically eliminating the foreign debt and earning the trust of foreign investors.
Participatory budgeting (starts in Porto Alegre)Policy Conferences“Lava
Jato” scandal and backlashImpeachment of DilmaSlide25
LessonsLittle anarchy, mild repression: pattern of accommodation and bargaining, persistence of democracy at state and local levels
Gradualism: abolition, late onset of republic, late democratization, gradual re-democratization, mild left turn
Size: ISI and diversification
Major challenge: corruption and a weak state