Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe - PowerPoint Presentation

Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe1500-1800Section 1 Spain’s Empire and European Absolutismpg. 589 - 595 Introduction to Absolutism

Spain’s Powerful EmpirePhilip II comes to power in SpainInherits Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American coloniesSeized the Portuguese Kingdom in 1580Included lands in Africa and IndiaBecame very wealthyPhilip was also a defender of Catholicism Battled the Ottoman Empire (Muslims)1588 launched the Spanish Armada against Protestantism

Problems Weaken the Spanish EmpireSevere inflation due to:Population growth – as more people demanded food, the merchants raised the pricesValue of silver dropped because there was so much in circulation Spanish nobles did not pay taxes and lower class never developed into middle class Spanish goods were expensive so Spanish people bought from France and England

Absolutism in EuropeMany European rulers wanted to be absolute monarchs, kings or queens who held all of the power within their states’ boundariesGoal was to control every aspect of societyAbsolute monarchs believed in divine right, the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on Earth

Europe’s Monarchs Gain PowerCentralized authority became possible because…Decline of feudalism, rise of cities, and growth of national kingdoms helped to centralize powerThe middle class supported the monarchsChurch authority broke down

Classwork/HomeworkAnalyzing Key Concepts pg. 594Skillbuilder #1 and 2Section 1 Assessment pg. 595#1-8

Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe1500-1800Section 2 The Reign of Louis XIVpg. 596-602

French Religious WarsHuguenot – many Catholics opposed HenryConverted to Catholicism 1562-1598 Huguenots (French Protestants) and Catholics fought 8 religious wars 1572 Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Henry of Navarre, or Henry IV , took the French throne in 1589

The Edict of NantesHenry IV composed a declaration of religious tolerance, The Edict of NantesHuguenots could live in peace in France and set up their own houses of worshipHenry was devoted to rebuilding France and restoring the strength of the French monarchy.

Louis XIII and Cardinal RichelieuHenry’s son, Louis XIII, was a weak rulerAppointed a strong ministerCardinal Richelieu, in effect, became the ruler of FranceMoved against the Huguenots Wanted to weaken the power of the noblesIncreased power of the middle class

European Monarchs ClashEffects of the Peace of Augsburg(said each German ruler would choose the religion of his state)Catholics and Lutherans were suspicious of each otherLutherans united in the Protestant union Catholic princes formed the Catholic League

Louis XIV Comes to PowerLouis XIV was the most powerful ruler in French historyBegan his reign at age 4Cardinal Mazarin was Richelieu’s successorIncreased taxesStrengthened central government

Louis XIV Comes to PowerAt age 22 Louis XIV took control of the governmentWeakened power of the noblesIncreased the power of government agents called intendants, who collect taxes and administered justiceMade sure local officials communicated with him regularly

Louis XIV Comes to PowerLouis devoted himself to helping France attain economic, political and cultural stabilityJean Baptiste Colbert believed in mercantilism and tried to make France self-sufficientGave governments funds and tax benefits to French companiesPlaced high tariffs on goods from other countriesEncouraged people to migrate to French colony in Canada

The Sun King’s Grand StyleLouis spent a fortune on luxuryBuilt the Palace at Versailles11 miles southwest of Paris Increased royal authority by having nobles live at the palace The Palace at Versailles

Classwork/HomeworkHistory in Depth pg. 600Skillbuilder #1 and 2

Louis XIV Fights Disastrous Wars1701 – several European countries allied to prevent the union of Spain and FranceStarted the War of the Spanish Succession which prevented Spain and France from uniting Under Louis, France was the most powerful country in Europe Invaded Spanish Netherlands in order to expand France’s boundaries Planned to connect Spain and France by making his grandson King of Spain

Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe1500-1800Section 3 Central European Monarchs Clashpg. 603 - 607

The Thirty Years’ WarThe Thirty Years’ WarConflict over religion, territory and power among European ruling families Effects of the Thirty Years’ WarDamage to Germany4 million people died/fledEconomy crumbledTrade and agriculture suffered

The Thirty Years’ WarMost important result of the Thirty Years’ WarEurope became a group of independent statesBeginning of modern state system Peace of Westphalia (1648) ended the war Weakened the ruling Hapsburg family in Spain and Austria France gained German territory German princes became independent of the Holy Roman Emperor Ended religious wars in Europe New method of peace negotiations

Central Europe Differs from Western Europe Major central European powers:Poland, Holy Roman Empire, Ottoman EmpireTowns developed much earlier in Western Europe Central Europe still had rich landowners and poor serfs Nobles prevented strong kings from rising up in central Europe Old, weak, defeated empires in central Europe

Austrian HapsburgsHapsburg family became absolute monarchs in AustriaCentralized government and created a standing armyCaptured Hungary from the OttomansImportant Hapsburg ruler was Maria Theresa

PrussiaFrederick William (aka the Great Elector) established a strong army and an absolute monarchyPrussia became a rigidly controlled, military societyFrederick William’s son, Frederick the Great became king and adopted his father’s military policies Prussia was a new state to the north of Austria Prussian ruling family was the Hohenzollerns

War of Austrian SuccessionSent an army to Silesia, beginning the War of Austrian SuccessionGreat Britain allied with AustriaFrance allied with Prussia Maria Theresa held off the Prussian attack but lost Silesia at the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748Frederick the Great wanted control of the Austrian land of Silesia which bordered Prussia Believed Maria Theresa would not be forceful enough to defend her land

The Seven Years’ WarMaria Theresa and Austria no longer feared France and allied with themFrederick and Prussia allied with Great BritainRussia allied with Austria and FranceFrederick attacked Saxony, an Austrian ally Major European war resultedSeven Years’ War (1756-1763) Effects of the Seven Year’s War Prussian/Great Britain victory France lost colonies in North America Great Britain gained sole economic domination of India

Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe1500-1800Section 4 Absolute Rulers of Russiapg. 608 – 611

Russian Czars Increase PowerIvan III strengthened Russia:Conquered territory Began centralized Russian government

The First CzarIvan IV, called Ivan the Terrible took the Russian throne in 1533Boyars, Russia’s landowning nobles fought to control Ivan Ivan IV crowned himself czar, a title meaning “caesar”In 1560 Ivan’s wife diedHe blamed the boyars and accused them of poisoning her Ivan used secret police to execute many boyarsThousands were killed

Rise of the RomanovsAfter Ivan there was a period of turmoil in Russia called the Time of TroublesThe Romanov family was chosen to save Russia (ruled from 1613-1917)Romanovs restored order to Russia Peter the Great was one of Russia’s greatest reformers

Russia and Western EuropeBoyars know little of western EuropeRenaissance did not spread to RussiaGeographic barriers isolated RussiaReligion separated Russia and western EuropeRussia was Eastern Orthodox Christian and view Catholic and Protestants as heretics Russian society was still based on relationships between rich landowners and serfs

Peter Visits the WestIn 1697 Peter embarked on the “Grand Embassy”, a long visit to Western EuropeWanted to learn about European customs and industrial techniquesWanted Russia to compete with Europe on both military and commercial termsWesternization – using western Europe as a model for change in Russia Peter increased his power as absolute ruler in order to force change upon his state Brought the Russian Orthodox church under state control Reduced the power of the landowners

Westernizing RussiaPeter hired European officers to modernize his army Imposed heavy taxes to pay for the army Introduced potatoes, which became a staple of the Russian diet Started Russia’s first newspaper Increased women’s rights Ordered nobles to give up traditional clothes for western fashions Stressed education

Westernizing RussiaPeter wanted a seaport that would make it easier to travel to the WestCaptured land from SwedenCreated capital city of St. Petersburg

What happened to the Romanovs?Mystery of the Romanovs AnastasiaYour Task! Using what you know about Russia and the Romanov family, write a historical narrative on what YOU think happened to the Romanov family and Anastasia. BE CREATIVE! Typed essay. One page in length.

Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe1500-1800Section 5 Parliament Limits the English Monarchypg. 614 – 617

Parliament Limits the English MonarchyQueen Elizabeth I died and James Stuart (King of Scotland) became King of England in 1603James struggled for power with ParliamentJames believed he had absolute authorityParliament had financial power and refused to give James money

Parliament Limits the English MonarchyJames’ son, Charles I also struggled with Parliament over moneyParliament made Charles sign the Petition of RightsHe would not imprison subjects without due cause. He would not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent.He would not house soldiers in private homes. He would not impose martial law in peacetime. This petition set forth the idea that the law was higher than the king and contradicted absolute monarchy

English Civil WarCharles had to go through parliament to fund the warParliament passed two laws limiting royal powerCharles tried to arrest the leaders of Parliament but gained many enemies Charles tried to force both England and Scotland to follow the same religion The Scots rebelled and threatened to invade England

English Civil WarFrom 1642-1649 supporters and opponents of King Charles fought the English Civil WarPeople who remained loyal to Charles were called Royalists or CavaliersSupporters of Parliament were called Roundheads or PuritansOliver Cromwell became general of the Puritan armyCromwell’s New Model army defeated the CavaliersPublically executed Charles IFirst time in history where a monarch was executed in publicAlso attacked IrelandFighting, plague, and famine killed over 600,000 Irish Cromwell ruled England and enacted many strict Puritan rules until his death

RestorationAfter Cromwell’s death, the oldest son of Charles claimed the throne, Charles IIBecause he restored the English monarchy, the period of his rule is called the RestorationCharles II also restored all things banned by the Puritans: theater, sports, and dancing Under Charles II Parliament passed habeas corpus which gave every prisoner the right to obtain a document that put the prisoner before a judgeThe Habeas Corpus Act prevented a monarch from putting someone in jail simply for opposing the ruler

The Glorious Revolution Charles II died and James II became kingJames flaunted his CatholicismEnglish Protestants feared a line of Catholic kingsParliament invited James’ eldest daughter, Mary, who was Protestant, and her husband William of Orange to overthrow James William invaded and James fled to FranceThis bloodless overthrow of King James II is called The Glorious Revolution

Political ChangesWilliam and Mary were crowned King and Queen of EnglandThey recognized Parliament as their partner in governingEngland became a constitutional monarchy, where laws limited the ruler’s powerParliament drafted a Bill of Rights in 1689 that listed things a ruler could not do: No suspending of Parliament’s lawsNo levying taxes without a specific grant from Parliament No interfering with freedom of speech in ParliamentNo penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances

Political ChangesAfter 1688 no British monarch could rule without consent of ParliamentThe cabinet, a group of government ministers, acted in the rulers name but represented Parliament The cabinet became the center of power and policy makingHead of the cabinet is the Prime Minister