English 10B Review 4 Main Comma Rules (1/4) - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

English 10B ReviewSlide2

4 Main Comma Rules (1/4)

Use

a comma

when independent clauses are connected

with a coordinating conjunction

.

The

coordinating conjunctions

are

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so (FANBOYS).

Examples

:

I missed the bus

, and

I ran to school.

School starts early

, so

I need to get up early

.Slide3

2. Use commas to separate items

(words, phrases, or clauses) in a simple series.

a. Words

Example: His favorite sports are football, basketball, and baseball.b. PhrasesExample: I like to sing, to act, and to dance.c. ClausesExample: Winter comes too soon in Idaho, where autumn colors fade too quickly, and the snow comes before Halloween. **And what type of clause is this in the preceding sentence?**

4 Main Comma Rules (2/4)Slide4

4 Main Comma Rules (3/4)

3. Use

a comma after introductory elements.

Introductory elements come BEFORE the subject part of a sentence.Oftentimes, the introductory element is a dependent clause.WordsExample: Sure, we can get that for you.PhrasesExample: In

English

class, the students study hard.

Clauses

Example: Whenever the fire bell rings, I accidentally scream.Slide5

4 Main Comma Rules (4/4)

4. Use

commas to set off extra information.

A parenthetical expression is a word or phrase that is unrelated to the rest of the sentence and interrupts the general flow of the sentence. Examples:We will go, Ben, as soon as your father arrives.The boys, therefore, decided to call a tow truck.The Internet, in my opinion, has made shopping easier than ever.

A

non-essential expression

is set off by commas. There are three types: appositives, participial phrases, and adjective clauses.

An

appositive

is a word or phrase that renames or describes a noun or pronoun—in other words, appositives provide extra information.

Example: He misbehaved in class and was sent to see the

principal,

Mr. Pymm

, who gave him Saturday School

.

A

participial phrase

that is non-essential.

Example: Mr.

Haroldson,

wearing a forties-style hat

, taught the history class today

.

A

non-essential adjective clause

.

Example

: The Edwards Theater,

which is our favorite theater in town

, ran a

weekend special

. Slide6

Remember, do not use a comma unless there is a comma rule for it!Slide7

Sentence Structures

Simple

1 independent clause

(i.e. complete thought that can stand alone)Compound2 independent clauses ComplexONLY 1 independent with 1 or more dependent Compound-complex 2 independent + 1 or more dependent Slide8

Simple Sentences

They can be short.

The boy laughed.

They can be long.The tall, good-looking boy with the curly blond hair laughed uproariously at his best friend’s suggestion.This is where diagramming is helpful. Visualize where you would put everything: there is only one subject and verb, so in this case, it is a simple sentence.Yet simple sentences can have compound verbs, objects, phrases, etc. Simple sentences just have one independent clause!Slide9

Which one is

NOT

a simple sentence?

**Tip: Cross off phrases**My best friend in the whole world is coming over to my house to visit me this afternoon. Several of her favorite romantic love songs were playing on the radio that afternoon in the park.Rushing out the door, I tripped and scraped my knee. My sister, who is a junior this year, yearns for summer. Slide10

Which one is NOT a simple sentence?

**Tip: Cross off phrases**

My best

friend in the whole world is coming over to my house to visit me this afternoon. Several of her favorite romantic love songs were playing on the radio that afternoon in the park.

Rushing out the door

,

I tripped

and

scraped

my knee.

My

sister

,

who is a junior this year

,

yearns

for summer vacation

. Slide11

Adjective Clause

Starts with a relative pronoun

who

, whom, whose, which, thatThe adjective clause CANNOT MOVE AROUND. It is just plain silly if you move it around. It MUST be next to the noun or pronoun it describes. I like the dress that is black. That is black I like the dress.He

will ask the girl

who likes him

to prom.

Who likes him to prom he will ask the girl.Slide12

Adverb Clause

The adverb clause usually starts with a subordinating conjunction (when, where, since, before, because, after).

Hence, the adverb clause answers the adverb questions.

If you can switch it around in a sentence, it is an adverb clause. Because it is Friday, I am excited. After I came home, I made dinner. I count sheep before I go to sleep.Although I love Idaho, I miss Maryland. Slide13

Noun Clause

Most commonly fills the role of

subject

What I ate for breakfast made me sick. Or direct object (usually starts with “that”)I believe that people can

change

. Slide14

Recognizing Fragments &

R

un-ons

Fragments Dependent clauseBecause it is Friday. Whoever likes football.When I turned 16. PhraseEarly in the morning.Hiking up the mountain.NOTE: EVERY single sentence must have an independent clauseRun-ons

Independent clause

,

independent clause

I like watermelons, they are juicy.

Independent clause

,

coordinating conjunction, independent clause

,

coordinating conjunction, independent clause.

It is cold,

so I

am going to turn on the

heat, and then I will be warm. Slide15

Subject-Verb Agreement

Singular subjects have singular verbs.

Plural subjects have plural verbs.

Remember to ignore prepositional phrases to find the REAL subject! A high percentage of the population is/are voting for the new school.Each of the girls is/are wearing pink. She

like/

likes

writing.

My

sister and I

like

/likes reading. Slide16

Pronoun-antecedent agreement

Ante- means “before,” so the

noun before MUST

match with the pronoun that replaces it. Slide17

When you can, just make the antecedent plural

A

person

should be able to make up their own mind about prayer in schools (incorrect).People should be able to make up their own minds about prayer in schools (correct).A teacher should show their students love and compassion (

incorrect

).

Teachers

should show

their

student

s

love and compassion (correct).

Often, a

doctor

will leave

their

patients waiting for a ridiculously long time (

incorrect

).

Often,

doctors

will leave

their

patients waiting for a ridiculously long time (correct).Slide18

Three Most Important Agreement Rules (1/3)

Some pronouns are ALWAYS singular; therefore, they need singular verbs and singular pronouns.

Anybody

Everybody SomebodyNeitherEitherEachSomeone Slide19

Three Most Important Agreement Rules

(2/3

)

2. “And” makes subjects plural; therefore, the verb and pronouns should be plural.Joey and Melissa think their kids are brilliant.Joey thinks his kids are brilliant. Slide20

Three Most Important Agreement Rules

(3/3

)

If two antecedents are joined by either/or, neither/nor, the pronoun agrees with the antecedent closest to it. Either Michael or his friends will bring their video games to the party. Either his friends or Michael will bring his video games to the party.The verb also agrees with the closest subject. Either my father or my brothers are going to sell the house.Neither my brothers nor my

father

is going

to

sell the house

.Slide21

Identify the

antecedent

&

the pronoun it replaces.1. Somebody dropped (their/his or her) wallet. 2. Each of the dogs needs (their/its) own crate.3. Daniel or Dave left (their/his) sunglasses on the table in the hallway. 4. Everybody must wash (their/his or her) hands before dinner. 5. I really like To Kill A Mockingbird because you get a lot out of the themes and characters. Is this correct?Slide22

Identify the subject &

the pronoun

it

replaces.1. Somebody dropped (their/his or her) wallet. 2. Each of the dogs needs (their/its) own crate.3. Daniel or

Dave

left (their/

his

) sunglasses

on the table in the hallway

.

4.

Everybody

must wash (their/

his or her

) hands before dinner.

5.

I

really like

To Kill A Mockingbird

because

you

get a lot out

of the themes and characters

.

Is this correct?

NO.Slide23

Conflicts & Climax

Internal

External

Rising Falling Slide24

Figurative Language

Metaphor

Simile

PersonificationSymbolism Sensory writingSlide25

Voice

Voice is the

author's style

, the quality that makes his or her writing unique, and which conveys the author's attitude (tone), personality, and characterYoung writers are often urged to find their own voice in fiction, but many teachers believe that voice is something that emerges naturally as a writer develops.(Wiehardt)Slide26
Slide27

Tone

Tone

: the

writer's attitude toward the material and/or readers. Tone may be playful, formal, angry, serious, ironic, outraged, baffled, tender, serene, depressed, etc.It has NOTHING to do with tone of voice—the author does not read out loud to you. You just have the author’s words and how he or she writes these words on the page. Slide28

Epiphany Denotation

(Merriam Webster)

an intuitive grasp of reality through something (as an event) usually simple and

strikingan illuminating discovery, realization, or disclosureEpiphanies are part of the universal human experience; however, we all experience epiphanies differently, for they are internal, life-changing, personalized realizations. Slide29

Epiphanies in Literature

Example

Non-Example

Scout learns to see the

world through Arthur Radley’s eyes, which was evidence that she understood the importance of seeing from different perspectives.

Scout

spends more time with Miss

Maudie

and Calpurnia because

Jem

doesn’t want her around.

When Caesar says “Et

tu

, Brute?”,

he realizes that Brutus never loved him as Caesar thought.

Portia commits

suicide because she is worried about Brutus. Slide30

What is

Elie

Wiesel’s main epiphany?

I remember: it happened yesterday or eternities ago. A young Jewish boy discovered the kingdom of night. I remember his bewilderment, I remember his anguish. It all happened so fast. The ghetto. The deportation. The sealed cattle car. The fiery altar upon which the history of our people and the future of mankind were meant to be sacrificed.—“Keep Memory Alive” by Elie WieselSlide31

Speeches

Monologue

Soliloquy – Think “solo”

A character makes a long, uninterrupted speech while other characters listen.

A characters reveals inner thoughts and feelings while he or she is alone. Slide32

Why are Brutus and Creon tragic heroes, but not Atticus Finch?Slide33

Vocabulary—Using Context Clues

Identify the situation

Identify what the word is not—usually there is a non-example in the sentence

Are there any synonyms or antonyms in the sentence? Slide34

Context Clues

The handful of

recalcitrant

students who refuse to obey study hall regulations are violating the rights of the majority.The handful of recalcitrant students who refuse to obey study hall regulations are violating the rights of the majority.Slide35

Context Clues

Some politicians are more

zealous

in promoting their own careers than in seeking to help the people who elected them. Some politicians are more zealous in promoting their own careers than in seeking to help the people who elected them. Slide36

Context Clues

Mitch is usually a man of very few words,

but he

was certainly voluble when we asked him about his artwork. Mitch is usually a man of very few words, but he was certainly voluble when we asked him about his artwork. Slide37

Context Clues

The general’s victory was so decisive that he could afford to be

magnanimous

toward his former enemies. The general’s victory was so decisive that he could afford to be magnanimous toward his former enemies.