2 Divisions of Primates 1 Anthropoid primates 2 Prosimean primates Characteristics Nails no claws Prehensile hands and feet grasping Color vision and depth perception Anthropoid Primates ID: 677344
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Slide1
Human EvolutionSlide2
Primates
2 Divisions of Primates
1. Anthropoid primates
2.
Prosimean primatesCharacteristics:Nails (no claws)Prehensile hands and feet (grasping)Color vision and depth perceptionSlide3
Anthropoid Primates
Include:
marmosets
Monkeys
ApesHumansBrain sizeLarge relative to their body sizeOpposable thumbs
Similar dental formula
number and arrangement of teethSlide4
HUMANS
Bipedalism
– Ability to walk on 2 feet
Aligned toes =
BipedalismEnlarged brain =Vertical faceAreas for speech in the brainS- shaped spine
Bowl-shaped pelvisSlide5
Prosimean primates
Include:
Lemurs
Lorises
TarsiersSlide6
Tarsier SkeletonSlide7
Gorilla SkeletonSlide8
Human SkeletonSlide9
Skeleton Comparisons
Draw a Prosimean
skeleton, Anthropoid skeleton and a human skeleton
Draw the basic bones
Pay special attention to the skullsUse the same colors for homologous parts in the three skeletonsHighlight the key features of each primate that makes them successful and uniqueHow does this make them successful?Slide10
PALEOANTHROPOLOGISTS
Scientists who study fossil evidence of human evolution
Construct models of how and when different stages of human evolution occurredSlide11
Hominids
Hominids include humans and extinct humanlike primates
The oldest known hominid fossils are between 6 and 7 million years old
First fossils found in AfricaSlide12
Waves of Hominid Emigration
Two hypotheses have been proposed for the evolution of
Homo sapiens
“African replacement”
hypothesisAlso called Out of Africa, Recent-African-Origin “Multiregional origin” hypothesisSlide13
“African Replacement” Hypothesis
Members of the genus
Homo
made repeated long-distance migrations out of Africa beginning 1.8 million years ago
H. sapiens emerged from Africa about 150,000 years ago and spread across the Near East, Europe, and AsiaThe dispersing H. sapiens populations replaced all other hominidsSlide14Slide15
“Multiregional Origin” Hypothesis
H. erectus
emerged from Africa 1.8 million years ago and spread across the Near East, Europe, and Asia
Continued migrations and interbreeding occurred among widespread
H. erectus populationsRegional populations of H. erectus evolved into H. sapiensSlide16Slide17
Australopithecus
Oldest known genus of hominids
Lived more than 4 million years ago
Knee joints- Allow
bipedalism! Australopithecus anamensisAustralopithecus afarensis – believed to have given rise to:A. africanusA.
robustus
A. boiseiModern H
omo sapiens
more than 1 million years agoSlide18
A.
africanus
!Slide19
A.
boiser
!Slide20
Discovery of Lucy!
Fossils of nearly half complete early hominid
Australopithecus
afarensis
suggests hominids became bipedal before their brains began to dramatically enlargeSlide21
Ardipithecus
ramidus
Recent discovery
Not clear whether it was bipedal4.4 million years oldSlide22
Existence of hominid species not ancestral to modern humans implies…
Hominid
phylogenetic
tree is very branchy in appearance
Representing species died out, leaving no descendants.Slide23
Early Members of the genus Homo
H.
habilis
& H. erectus
Ancestors to modern humansLarger brains than australopithecinesMay have had speechStarted to develop tools
Homo erectus
- potential first hominid to leave Africa
Homo
habilis
Homo erectusSlide24Slide25
Neanderthals
Now extinct
Hypothesis-
H
omo sapiens, being superior to Neanderthal man, ran him off the planet. New hypothesis- more
complicated
Neanderthals
may have mixed with the ancestor of modern
man W
e could be carrying Neanderthal genes.
Heavy bones
Thick brow ridges
Protruding teeth
Used shelters, tools, and clothingSlide26
Cro-Magnons
Cro-Magnons coexisted with Neanderthals in Europe and the Middle East for as many as 50,000 years
Cro-Magnons had domed heads, smooth brows, and prominent chins
30,000-year-old Cro-Magnon artifacts include:
Bone flutesIvory sculpturesEvidence of elaborate burial ceremoniesSlide27
Cro-Magnon Cave PaintingSlide28
Homo sapiens
Evolved about 800,000 years ago
A) Neanderthals
Were early Homo sapiens
They may be ancestral to modern humans ORThey may have died out and been replaced by modern humansSlide29
Some hypotheses:
1. some anthropologist think
H. sapiens
evolved in PARALLEL from populations of
H. erectus all over the world. (interbreeding)2. some anthropologists propose that H. sapiens DESCENDED from
H. erectus
in Africa and then dispersed across Earth.Slide30