By Alexa Van Bergen Nathan Northcutt Enrique Barajas Sandy Fisher Andrew Crist What is OCD Characterized by Obsessions and Compulsions Obsessions recurrent and persistent thoughts urges or images ID: 705161
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
By: Alexa Van Bergen, Nathan Northcutt, Enrique Barajas, Sandy Fisher, Andrew CristSlide2
What is OCD?
Characterized by Obsessions and Compulsions
Obsessions
- recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges or images
- the individual attempts to suppress them with another thought or actionSlide3
What is OCD?
Compulsions
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Repetitive behaviors that the individual feels compelled to perform
- Aimed at reducing anxiety, distress or preventing a dreaded situation
Must be time consuming and cause clinically significant impairment and distressSlide4Slide5
Who has OCD?
1.2% of Americans have OCD.
Onset in later teens early 20s.
Women more than men, vice versa in childhood.
40% experience remission if diagnosed in childhood.Slide6
Causes of OCD
Specific cause not yet discovered
Various theories
Biological
Environmental
Temperamental
*Combination of all Slide7
Causes of OCD: Biological
Problems in communication between the front part of the brain and deeper structures of the brain
“Leaky filter” in basal ganglia
-possibly caused by Group A streptococcal infectionsSlide8
Causes of OCD: Biological
Neurochemical imbalances
-low levels of serotonin
-medications that affect serotonin “normalize” brain circuits
Caudate nucleus (overactivity)
-brain region that controls habits
Runs in families
-no specific geneSlide9
Causes of OCD:Environmental
How risk for OCD increases
Physical/sexual abuse in childhood
Various infectious agents
Postinfectious autoimmune syndrome
Other stressful or traumatic eventsSlide10
Causes of OCD:Temperamental
Possible risk factors:
Greater internalizing symptoms
Higher negative emotionality
Behavior inhibition in childhoodSlide11
Behaviors
Obsessions lead to compulsions
-Examples: obsession with orderliness can cause someone to arrange their canned goods to face a certain way
Compulsions depend on whatever the person is fixated on and are irresistible urges to behave in a certain way.Slide12
Behaviors
Behaviors are performed to relieve anxiety
These behaviors impact everyday life
Lengthy rituals can lead to tardiness
Some rituals can be harmful
-washing hands until they are rawSlide13
Living with OCD
avalanche of intrusive images, or actions invading the conscious mind
the obsessions are outside what the person can control.
people with OCD don’t like the way that the word obsessed is used todaySlide14
Continued.
Anxiety comes from these obsessions.
They use the compulsion to try to curb the anxiety.
Self-help, when they need professional helpSlide15
Howie Mandel
diagnosed in mid 2000
Teased a lot in school
for his behavior.
hurt his career.
Howie known as a germaphobe.
has a separate house to get away when he is too anxious.Slide16
Affects
Found it hard to explain to his children when they were young why he acted funny.
How would employers work around it.
Stress on many different functions of everyday life. Slide17
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Focuses on the relationships between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Generally, 7 of 10 will benefit from treatment or medicine.
There have been studies that show that brain functions improve while using CBT.
Considered a “First Line Treatment” in many anxiety disorders, including OCD.
Most effective CBT is know as Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP).
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Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP)
“Exposure” confronts the thoughts, images, objects and situations that causes the Anxiety
“Response Prevention” is basically a choice. The choice of not doing the compulsive behavior.
This process starts of small; focusing on the smaller rituals or checkings that cause the least amount of anxiety; as progress is made, therapy focuses on the rituals and checkings that cause the most anxiety.
This type of therapy requires a commitment.
75% improvement with OCDSlide19
Deep Brain Stimulation
http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/24/health/brain-stimulation-ocd/
Slide20
Deep Brain Stimulation
New treatment
Electrodes attached to brain
- Electrical impulses sent through brain
Used in cases where conventional methods have not workedSlide21
Pharmacotherapy
Started back in the 1960s and uncontrolled
Clomipramine
a tricyclic antidepressant with specific inhibitor of the reuptake of serotonin
increases activity of certain chemicals in the brain
25mg every day at bedtime
1980s controlled
found to be an important advancement
trials then lead to a superior drug
Fluvoxemine
SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)
affects chemicals in the brain that become unbalanced
20mg every day
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Pharmacotherapy
Pretty effective
SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor)
the most effective pharmacotherapy for OCD
considered to be “first-line”
Differs person to person
Differs from those with anxiety and depression in two major ways:
1. OCD have a higher dosage of the SSRIs before seeing big changes
2. Improvements are gradual usually over 10-12 weeksSlide23
References
Pallanti S, Hollander E, Goodman WK
J Clin Psychiatry. 2004; 65 Suppl 14():6-10
Barbieri V, Lo Russo G, Francione S, Scarone S, Gambini O
Epilepsy Behav. 2005 Jun; 6(4):617-9.
Tass PA, Klosterkötter J, Schneider F, Lenartz D, Koulousakis A, Sturm V
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 Jul; 28 Suppl 1():S27-34.
Haddad, Jessica, Eric M. Stauss. “Germs: ‘No Deal’ for Host Howie Mandel.” ABC News. ABC New Network, 24 Nov. 2009. Web. 08 Apr. 2015.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-V. 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Print.
“Deep Brain Stimulation.” -
Mayo Clinic.
Web. 12 Apr. 2015.
Thomas, J. “Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery for OCD: On Safety, Efficacy--and Financial Incentives.”
Psychiatric Times
29.9 (2011): 1-10. Print.
Nichols, Hannah. "What Is Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD)? What Causes Obsessive-compulsive Behavior?" Medical News Today. MediLexicon International, 23 Dec. 2014. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.
“Cognitive Behavior Therapy.”
International OCD Foundation.
N.p., 27 May 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.
“Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Information Guide.”
CAMH: Treatments for OCD: Cognitive-behavioural Therapy.
N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2015
"Treatments & Services."
NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness
. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.