RECONSTRUCTION Chapter 2 - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

RECONSTRUCTION

Chapter 2Slide2

Lesson 1

1865-1877

Main Ideas: President Lincoln and Congress differed in their views as Reconstruction began.

The end of the Civil War meant freedom for Southern African Americans.

President Johnson’s plan began the process of Reconstruction.

Key Terms: Reconstruction, Ten Percent Plan, 13

th

Amendment, Freedman’s

Bureau, Andrew Johnson Slide3

Rebuilding the South

Reconstruction was a challenge-readmitting the Southern states (Confederacy) to the country (Union).

South damage: cities and farms ruined, starving citizens, Confederate money was useless, banks failed, businesses couldn’t pay debt (bankrupt

), very sick with asthma and lung disease due to factory work

Lincoln’s Plan: Ten Percent Plan-pardoned southerners (amnesty) for all illegal acts during the rebellious war “if” they swore loyalty to the U.S. and agree slavery is not legal. 10% of the state voters pledged meant they could reunite. Slide4

Wade-Davis Bill

Debate over who had control of reuniting states

U.S. Representatives Wade and Davis proposed an alternative plan-more strict than Lincoln’s Plan

They suggested states had to ban slavery and the majority of males in each state had to pledge loyalty to the Union. They also stated that citizens could not vote without such loyalty oaths.

Lincoln refused to sign the bill into law

*Watch “I’m Just a Bill” Schoolhouse Rock Slide5

Freedom for African Americans

13

th

Amendment (change) to the U.S. Constitution was approved in 1865-stating that slavery is illegal throughout the entire U.S.

Frederick Douglass insisted that African Americans were not free until they could vote.

Important Changes: marriages not previously allowed, searching for sold relatives, women stayed home, travel, took on new last names and demanded

Mr

and

Mrs

, etc.

Union General Sherman split plantations into 40 acres of land for former slaves to own and live but government returned land to owners.

Freedoms were difficult to enforce. Slide6

Freedman’s Bureau

Congress established the Freedman’s Bureau to provide relief for freed

people and poor people

in the South-distributed food and provided education, legal help, medical services

Played important role in establishing schools in the south to teach freed people

Howard University and Fisk University were also created by the Bureau

African Americans realized that education would help them to understand the law and protect their rights Slide7

A New President

Lincoln was assassinated at Ford’s Theater in Washington, DC by John Wilkes Booth (southerner who opposed Lincoln’s policies).

VP Andrew Johnson took the oath of office and took on completing Reconstruction

Johnson’s plan was similar to Lincoln’s plan. He required wealthy southerners and Confederate officials to be pardoned and he pardoned over 7000 people that year.

Johnson was a Democrat and many Republicans did not trust him-Johnson was a former slave owner Slide8

New State Governments

Johnson appointed a temporary governor for each state and required them to revise their state constitutions. Voters elected state and federal representatives.

New state government had to declare slavery illegal and ratify (agree) the 13

th

Amendment and refuse to pay Confederate debts.

All except Texas were approved as part of the U.S.

When representatives went to DC, they argued over this plan and rejected it-Congress must approve laws!

The nation was still

divided-too many Confederate leaders took government jobs Slide9

Lesson 2

Main Ideas: Black Codes led to opposition to Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction. The 14

th

Amendment ensured citizenship for African Americans. Radical Republicans in Congress took charge of Reconstruction. The 15

th

Amendment gave African Americans the right to vote.

Key Terms: Black codes, Radical Republicans, Civil Rights Act of 1866, 14

th

Amendment, Reconstruction Acts, impeachment, 15

th

AmendmentSlide10

Opposition to President Johnson

New state representatives began passing laws denying civil rights

Southern states passed cruel and unjust Black Codes-laws that greatly limited the freedom of African Americans. Must work or be arrested; prevented from owning guns, not allowed to rent city property

Radical Republicans thought the South had not changed and wanted the federal government to force change in the South. Under the leadership of Thaddeus Stevens, Congress gave Freedman’s Bureau

more power-ability

to try injustice in courts. This led to the Civil Rights Act of 1866-provides equal rights to both African Americans and white Americans. Johnson vetoed (rejected) it but Congress overrode the veto. Slide11

14th

Amendment states…

All people born in the U.S. are citizens

Guarantees equal rights to all citizens

No one can be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process

Banned Confederate officials from holding government offices

All state laws must be reviewed by the federal court

Gave Congress the power to pass laws

This was intended to create equality of all people. Slide12

1866 Elections (Legislative Branch)

Riots broke out during Johnson’s campaign

Congress gained 2/3 majority of both the House and Senate which meant they can override presidential veto.

Congress called for Reconstruction Acts-divided the South into 5 districts under the control of a U.S. military commander. To be readmitted, a state had to write a new state constitution supporting the 14

th

Amendment and each state had to grant African Americans the right to vote.

President Johnson was impeached (accusing a government official of breaking the law) when he fired the secretary of war. He was not convicted but his power weakened afterwards. Slide13

1868 Election (Executive Branch)

Johnson chose not to run for President

Ulysses Grant (Union war hero) was elected President. He had zero political experience. Slogan: “Let Us Have Peace”

Shortly after Grant’s nomination for President, 7 southern states were readmitted by approving the 14

th

Amendment and allowing African American men to vote

These African Americans voted for Grant and helped him win the election

Then the 15

th

Amendment granted all African American men the right to vote. Slide14

Lesson 3

Main Ideas: Reconstruction governments helped reform the South. The Ku Klux Klan organized as African Americans moved into positions of power. As Reconstruction ended, the rights of African Americans were restricted. Southern business leaders relied on industry to rebuild the South.

Key Terms: Hiram Revels, Ku Klux Klan, Compromise of 1877, poll tax, segregation, Jim Crow laws, Plessy vs. Ferguson lawsuit, sharecropping Slide15

Carpetbaggers & Scalawags

Carpetbaggers-northerners that moved to the south and took office-they were resented and accused of being unfair

Scalawags-greedy rascals-southerners accused of betraying the south by voting Republican

African Americans were the majority of southern Republicans and many took office.

Hiram Revels-FIRST African American elected to the U.S. Senate in 1870. Revels was born a free man in North Carolina

Blanche Bruce-African American Senator-Bruce was born a slave in VirginiaSlide16

Changing State Governments

New programs to reconstruct the south: state funded public schools, new hospitals, prisons and orphanages, passed laws prohibiting discrimination

Railroads, bridges, and public buildings were built to help economy (money) grow in the south.

Many states raised taxes and sold bonds to get these funds. Slide17

KKK

1866 a group of white people in Tennessee created a hate group referred to as the KKK-secret society opposed civil rights for African Americans.

Local governments did little to stop them

They used violence and terror against African Americans and anyone that helped them vote

.

Federal government made it illegal to interfere with any election

All citizens were given equal protection under the lawSlide18

Reconstruction Ends

Most southerners changed to Democrat

Amnesty Act of 1872 allowed many Confederate soldiers to hold government office

Grant was reelected but scandals followed him which led to the first Black

Friday

-first stock market crash- this economic crisis is referred to as the Panic of 1873

1876 Republicans elected Rutherford Hayes as President-after electoral votes were debated

Compromise of 1877-Southern Democrats accepted Hayes if all federal troops would leave the south for good Slide19

Redeemers

Democrats that brought their party/group back to power in the South were called redeemers

They gained control of state governments in the South

Desired to limit African Americans and eliminated many programs formed to help them

Created a poll tax to pay in order to vote unless “grandfathered” in

Segregation was introduced Slide20

Jim Crow Laws

Laws that enforced segregation in the South

Supreme Court ruled Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional/illegal

14

th

Amendment (equal legal rights) was limited only to the state government so private businesses and individuals could still segregate

1896 a lawsuit referred to as Plessy vs Ferguson – Supreme Court ruled separate but equal facilities was okay-In Louisiana, an African American refused to leave a train car meant for white people. He was arrested and sued afterwards. He lost.

Separate but equal quickly changed to separate but unequalSlide21

Sharecropping in the South

Many African Americans remained on plantations and shared the crops grown – sharecroppers

They sold their share to save money to buy their own farm-difficult task

Instead, most lived in debt

Bad weather, poor harvests, or low crop prices interfered with their plans too

Cotton industry produced many factory jobs but most African Americans were denied work

Low wages but

steady work was provided for entire families in

the southern cotton

mills