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The appearance of the west coast kelp The appearance of the west coast kelp

The appearance of the west coast kelp - PowerPoint Presentation

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The appearance of the west coast kelp - PPT Presentation

Ecklonia maxima in the De Hoop MPA lessons for the management of MPAs Mark Rothman and Rob Anderson DAFF Ecklonia radiata ex E biruncinata Small to about 60 cm Solid stipe ID: 543042

monitoring hoop ecklonia coast hoop monitoring coast ecklonia south temperature water kelp maxima mpa distribution cooling stipes biological research anderson african points

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Slide1

The appearance of the west coast kelp

Ecklonia maxima in the De Hoop MPA: lessons for the management of MPAs

Mark Rothman and Rob AndersonDAFFSlide2

Ecklonia

radiata (ex E. biruncinata)

Small – to about 60 cmSolid stipe

Fronds spiny and ridged, or smooth

Intertidal pools and gulleys, to 1-2m depth

De Hoop to Port Edward (but also deep False Bay, Agulhas Bank, even N KZN?)Slide3

Ecklonia maxima

Large – stipes one to many metres long (max. 15m!)Stipes hollowFronds smoothGulleys

and reef down to > 10m (very seldom in intertidal pools)

Historical distribution:North of Lüderitz to 10 km west of Cape

Agulhas (Papkuilsfontein).

(Eastern limit seen by Papenfuss in 1937, and reported in his 1942 paper. Confirmed

by Anderson & Bolton in 1987, observing

from a low-flying helicopter). Slide4

Ecklonia

maxima at

Koppie Alleen

Not easily missed!

No previous records there (publications, observations, collecting lists) Was not there in 2004, 2005, 2006(student field trips)

Was there in Aug 2008 (and since then)

Large – 1-2m stipes (at De Hoop)

Stipes hollow

Fronds smooth

Chokes many

gulleys

Slide5

African Journal of Marine Science 2012, 34(1): 147–151South African kelp moving eastwards: the discovery of

Ecklonia maxima(Osbeck) Papenfuss at De Hoop Nature Reserve on the south coast ofSouth AfricaJJ Bolton, RJ Anderson, AJ Smit and MD

RothmanHistorical and recent evidence is documented to demonstrate that the eastern limit of the major kelp-bed

forming seaweed Ecklonia maxima

has moved c. 73 km eastward along the south coast of South Africa since 2006, after remaining

unchanged for almost 70 years. A

significant population

has established at Koppie

Alleen

, De Hoop Nature Reserve, which has been monitored from 2008 to 2011. It is hypothesised that the eastward spread is

limited by

aspects of the

inshore

water temperature regime, and

recent evidence suggests that gradual cooling along this coast may have caused the change in distribution. It seems likely that if a cooling trend continues along the South African south coast, kelp beds and their associated species will move farther eastward in future decades, affecting the ecology and livelihoods along this coast.Slide6

Another example: Lunella

(ex Turbo) coronatusLarge, distinctive tropical/subtropical gastropod Previously recorded from tropics down to southern KZN

Now at

Dwesa (Mendu Pt and

Kobole Mouth) – plentiful (R Anderson, Sept 2016). (200 km range extension? Confirmed by George Branch). Slide7

Easily recognisable, large organisms

appear in an MPA, but are only noticed by accident 2. What do these appearances mean?

Is the water at De Hoop cooling?I

s the water at Dwesa warming?

Biological

monitoring

Environmental

monitoring

(Temperature?)

Two important points emergeSlide8

Monitoring vs research

MonitoringResearchDescriptive

Hypothesis-driven (pressure) Long-term

Usually short-termNo pressure to publish?Pressure to publish

Suitable for “Citizen Science” e.g. the CREW* model?Not really suitable for “Citizen Science”.

* Custodians of Rare and Endangered Wildflowers programmeSlide9

An example of hypothesis –driven researchSlide10

Why look at seaweeds?

No direct threats (insignificant exploitation)Reds, greens and browns = 3 distinct phylogenetic lineages (3 phyla)Seaweeds occupy all sorts of hard substrataSessile, reasonably long-lived (months

to years)Geog. distribution controlled by temperatureWe have good distribution data for SA (many

biogeog publications, and updated database)Slide11

South coast 50 km strips – clustering by seaweed species

Cluster analysis. Each cluster with at least one MPA. (

Jaccard

:

Average linkage)

De Hoop

Stilbaai

Goukamma

Tsitsikamma

Addo

Kei

Hluleka

Pondoland

Sardinia B

RobbergSlide12

Easily recognisable, large organisms

appear in an MPA, but are only noticed by accident 2. What do these appearances mean?

Is the water at De Hoop cooling?I

s the water at Dwesa warming?

Biological

monitoring

Environmental

monitoring

(Temperature?)

Two important points emergeSlide13

Suggestions for biological monitoring (intertidal?)

Fixed sitesPhotographsSimple measurements/counts Exploited spp

(limpets, alikreukel,

Haliotis, mussels, etc.)

Indicator or keystone species (sessile?)Checking and curating the data

Feed results to researchers

Constraints:

Money, time and trained staff!Slide14

Suggestions for physical/environmental monitoring

Fixed sitesShores and estuariesSimple measurements Temperature (excellent loggers available). SAEON?Sand movement (photos, reference points)

Checking and curating the data

Encouraging and supporting research Others may notice changes

Align physical and biological monitoring sites?Constraints:

Money, time and trained staff!Slide15

Mkambathi

, 2015ConclusionWe need basic monitoring in MPAs – and outside them!