Problem 611 a b Mark all centers of High and Low pressure and 2 locations where it might be off the map Check surrounding isobars Find 2 troughs and 2 ridges Trough elongated region of low pressure ID: 1011561
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1. Meteo 3 Lab 510/9/19Rachel is away this week, see Bill with questions
2. Problem 6.11 (a, b)Mark all centers of High and Low pressure (and 2 locations where it might be off the map)Check surrounding isobars Find 2 troughs and 2 ridgesTrough: elongated region of low pressureRidge: elongated region of high pressureExample:
3. Problem 6.11 (c, d)Estimate wind direction. In this map we are at sea-level. This means that friction will be important. Recall what friction does to the wind!When we include friction, which force becomes most dominant?Pressure Gradient Force (PGF)! Which way does this force point?Hight to Low!Winds are then pulled toward the PGF. Now, winds cross isobars at approx. 30 degreesRecall: gradients. Where is there a large gradient in pressure?Where the isobars are tightly packedThis means that there is a stronger PGF!Tightly packed isobars create faster windWhich areas have the fastest wind?
4. Problem 6.18Pressure can change the boiling point of waterIt is easier to boil water at lower pressure (lower boiling point)Boiling point decreases with decreasing pressureA) How does pressure change as you go deep into the ocean?The pressure increases!What does this do to the boiling point?Raises the boiling point! (harder for water to boil at high pressure)B) Pressure cookers cook at high pressure. What does this do to the boiling point?Think about advantages to cooking with a higher boiling pointC) Think about how altitude affects pressure. Then, think about how pressure changes boiling point.
5. Relative HumidityVisibilityAltimeter PressureSurface TemperatureDew-Point TemperatureDate / Time (UTZ)Cloud Base HeightPrecipitationMax Wind GustWind Direction/Speed
6. Problem 6.24Fronts are associated with:A change in pressureA shift in the wind directionTemperature and dewpoint changesPrecipitation (usually precedes the passage of the front)Find the front (date and time) and explain your answerWhat type of front is it? Look at the wind direction before and after passageLook at temperature before and after passageIs it a cold front or a warm front?
7. Problem 7.1You are given 3 maps that show heights (altitude). Determine which pressure each map representsRecall: pressure decreases with increasing altitude (heights)Estimate heights at the 3 citiesCareful – the contour intervals are not the same for all 3 mapsRecall: geostrophic wind (the balance between which 2 forces?)Draw the geostrophic wind now that you know that pressure and height are relatedRecall: how does the gradient (spacing between isobars) affect the wind speed?
8. Problem 7.2Match the map to the pressureWhich pressure level is closer to the ground? 850 mb or 925 mb?Recall: how does wind speed and direction change as you go up in the atmosphere? Think about friction!Where is friction most important? Surface or aloft? What does friction do to the wind?Buy-Ballot’s Law: In the Northern Hemisphere, if the wind hits you in the back, low heights are on your left
9. 7.9 (a-b) Pressure Levels and TemperatureIf a column of air is heated, it will expand.The heights of constant pressure surfaces are directly proportional to the temperature of the column. Height (m)Pressure Level (mb)Location 1Location 2Location 3850157013901480500590055005750300969090509400Cold AirWarm Air
10. 7.10 (a-b) How winds impact flightsa) Mark the centers of Highs and Lows. How do the winds blow at the 250mb level? Is there strong/weak friction?b) Is it faster going from Paris to Moscow or the other direction?Use your answer from part (a) Consider whether the pilot would have a headwind (flying against the wind) or a tailwind (with the wind).MoscowParis
11. 8.2 (a-b) Stability conceptsa) A cloud will form when the parcel temperature has dropped to the dew point.Before the cloud forms, the air is unsaturated.Unsaturated air cools at 10°C for each km it rises. (1 km = 1000 m).How many kilometers does the parcel need to rise for Tparcel = Tdew?b) What’s Tparcel at the top of the mountain?Note that the parcel is already at the height you found in part (a). How much farther does it have to rise to reach the top?Parcel starts at temperature Tparcel = 10oC.Once the temperature drops to the dew point, the air is now saturated and will only cool 6°C for each km it rises.2.5 kmTenv = 0oCTparcel = 16oCTdew = 10oC? km
12. c) Is the parcel negatively or positively buoyant?An air parcel is negatively buoyant if it is cooler than its surroundings. Negatively buoyant air wants to sink back down.An air parcel is positively buoyant if it is warmer than its surroundings. Positively buoyant air wants to continue to rise.d) What is its final temperature if it descends the 2.5km down the mountain?For this part, start with the temperature you calculated in part b) for the parcel at the top of the mountain. This air is now unsaturated so it will warm at 10°C for each km it sinks.8.2 (c-d) Stability concepts