/
CONTENT Introduction Symptoms and Signs CONTENT Introduction Symptoms and Signs

CONTENT Introduction Symptoms and Signs - PowerPoint Presentation

mackenzie
mackenzie . @mackenzie
Follow
343 views
Uploaded On 2022-06-07

CONTENT Introduction Symptoms and Signs - PPT Presentation

Etiology Introduction The term Schizophrenia was coined by European psychiatrists Emil kraepelin and Eugen Bleuler Initially Kraepelin described schizophrenia as Dementia praecox ID: 914427

symptoms schizophrenia people person schizophrenia symptoms person people disorganized factors called refers negative continues pleasure behaviour positive social delusions

Share:

Link:

Embed:

Download Presentation from below link

Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "CONTENT Introduction Symptoms and Signs" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.


Presentation Transcript

Slide1

Slide2

CONTENT

Introduction

Symptoms and Signs

Etiology

Slide3

Introduction

The term

Schizophrenia

was coined by European psychiatrists

Emil

kraepelin

and

Eugen

Bleuler

.

Initially

Kraepelin

described schizophrenia as

Dementia praecox

.

Schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, emotion,

delusions,hallucinations

, behaviour, and impaired psychosocial functioning.

Slide4

Schizophrenia affects everything about us that make us human- our thinking,feeling,and behaviour.

Slide5

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

The range of symptoms of schizophrenia is extensive that make up the positive, negative and disorganized categories.

Positive Symptoms:

Comprise excesses and distortions, such as hallucinations and delusions. Acute episodes of schizophrenia are characterized by positive symptoms.

Slide6

Positive Symptoms

Delusions:

are beliefs held contrary to reality and firmly held in spite of disconfirming evidence.

A person may believe that thoughts that are not his or her own have been placed in his/her mind by external source, this is called

thought insertion

.

A person may believe that his/her thoughts are broadcast or transmitted, so that others know what he or she is thinking; this is called

thought broadcasting.

Slide7

Delusions (Continues)..

Grandiose delusions

: in which a person has an exaggerated sense of his /her own importance, power, knowledge, or identity.

eg.,A

woman may believe that she can cause the wind to change the direction just by moving her hands.

A person may have

Ideas of Reference

in which he/she incorporates unimportant events within a delusional framework and reads personal significance into the trivial activities of others.

Slide8

Hallucinations

People with schizophrenia frequently report that the world seems somehow different or even unnatural to them.

Hallucinations

are sensory experiences in the absence of any relevant stimulation from the environment.

eg

; A patient may mention changes in how his or her body feels, or a person may become so depersonalized that his body feels as though it is a machine.

Slide9

Negative Symptoms

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia consists of behavioural deficits; they include

avolition

,

alogia

,

anhedonia

,

flat affect

and

sociability

.

Avolition

: Apathy or avolition, refers to a lack of motivation and a seeming absence of interest in or an inability to persist in what are usually routine activies,including work or school, self-care, hobbies or social activities.

Slide10

Negative Symptoms(Continues)..

Alogia

: refers to a significant reduction in the amount of speech. People with this symptom do not talk much. A person may answer a question with one or two words and will not be likely to elaborate on an answer with additional details.

Anhedonia:

A loss of interest in or a reported lessening of the experience of pleasure is called

Anhedonia

.

Slide11

Anhedonia(continues)...

There are two types of pleasure experiences in Anhedonia construct.

1-First is called

consummatory

pleasure

-refers to the amount of the pleasure experienced in-the-moment or in the presence of something pleasurable.

2- Second is called

anticipatory pleasure

-refers to the amount of expected or anticipated pleasure from future events or activities.

Slide12

Negative symptoms(continues)...

Flat Affect:

refers to a lack of outward expression of emotion. A person with flat affect may state vacantly, the muscles of the face motionless, the eyes lifeless.

When spoken to, the person may answer in a flat and toneless voice and not look at his or her conversational partner.

Slide13

Negative symptoms(continues)...

Asociality:

refers to severe impairments in social relationships.

They may have few friends, poor social skills, and a very little interest in being with other people.

They may not desire close relationships with family, friends or other partners. They may wish to spend much of their time alone.

Slide14

Disorganized symptoms

Disorganized symptoms include disorganized speech and disorganized behaviour.

Disorganized speech:

refers to problems in organizing ideas and in speaking so that a listener can understand. It is also known as

formal thought disorder

.

Speech may also be disorganized by what are called

loose associations

, or

derailment

, in which the person may be more successful in communicating with listener but has difficulty sticking to one topic.

Slide15

Disorganized symptoms(continues).

Disorganized Behaviour:

takes many forms. People with this symptom may go into inexplicable bouts of agitation, dress in unusual clothes, act in child like or silly manner, hoard food, or collect garbage.

They seem to lose the ability to organize their behaviour and make it conform to community standards.

They also have difficulty performing the tasks of everyday living.

Slide16

Other symptoms

Catatonia:

is defined by several motor abnormalities. People with this symptom may gesture repeatedly, using peculiar and sometimes complex sequence of finger, hand, and arm movements, which often seem to be purposeful.

Catatonic immobility:

people adopt unusual posture and maintain them for very long periods of time.

Waxy flexibility:

another person can move the patient’s limbs into positions that patient will then maintain for long periods of time.

Slide17

Other symptoms

Inappropriate Affect:

Some people with schizophrenia show

inappropriate affect

-their emotional responses are out of context.

Such a person may laugh on hearing that his/her mother died or become enraged when asked a simple question.

People with this symptom are likely to shift rapidly from one emotional state to another for

no reason.

Slide18

Etiology of Schizophrenia

Many factors have been associated with developing schizophrenia—

genetic factors, early environment, neurobiological factors, and psychological and social facto

rs

—the exact cause of the disease is unknown.

Slide19

Genetic Factors

Genetics (Heredity)

: Scientists recognize that the disorder tends to run in families and that a person inherits a tendency to develop the disease. Similar to some other genetically-related illnesses, schizophrenia may appear when the body undergoes hormonal and physical changes.

The risk of developing schizophrenia is increases to approximately 10% if a first-degree relative has the illness and to 3% if a second-degree relative has the illness. If both parents have schizophrenia, the risk of producing a schizophrenic offspring increases to approx 40%.

Slide20

Neurobiological Factors

Several neurotransmitters, such as

norepinephrine,serotonin

and

glutamate

play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia.

Dopamine Theory:

states that Schizophrenia is related to excess activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine.

Having too many dopamine receptors would be functionally akin to having an overactive dopamine system.

Slide21

Other

Neurotansmitters

Glutamate

, a neurotransmitter that is widespread in the human brain, may also play a role.

Low levels of Glutamate have been found in the cerebrospinal fluid of peoples with Schizophrenia.

Slide22

Brain Structure and Function

Enlargement of the ventricles and dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex are found in Schizophrenia.

Enlarged ventricles implies a loss of brain cells.

Large ventricles in people with schizophrenia are correlated with impaired performance on neuropsychological tests, poor adjustment, poor response to drug treatment.

Slide23

Congenital and Developmental Factors

A possible cause of some of these brain abnormalities is damage during gestation or birth.

Various researches shows that different types of maternal infections during pregnancy are associated with greater risk of their children developing Schizophrenia when they become adults.

Slide24

Psychological Stress

Psychological stress plays a role by interacting with a genetic or neurobiological vulnerability to produce schizophrenia.

People with schizophrenia appear to be very reactive to the stressors we all encounter in daily living.

Socioeconomic Status(SES):

Correlation between SES and Schizophrenia is consistent but difficult to interpret in casual terms.

Slide25

Family related Factors

Some studies suggests that faulty communications by parents may play a role in the etiology in Schizophrenia.

A type of communication pattern studied is called

Communication Deviance(CD)

, w

hich is characterized by hostility and poor communication.

Slide26

The researchers identified a number of factors that predicted a greater likelihood of developing a psychotic disorder, including having a biological relative with schizophrenia, a recent decline in functioning, high levels of positive symptoms, and high levels of social impairment.

Slide27

Thank you