MIMICRY ‘model’ ‘mimic’ - PowerPoint Presentation

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MIMICRY

‘model’

‘mimic’

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‘mimicry complex’

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‘diffuse mimicry’

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Crypsis:

- crypsis is the ability of an organism to avoid observation or detection by other organisms. It may be either a predation strategy or an antipredator adaptation

, and methods include camouflage, nocturnality, subterranean lifestyle, transparency,

[2] and mimicry (Wikipedia).

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Crypsis:

- crypsis is the ability of an organism to avoid observation or detection by other organisms. It may be either a predation strategy or an antipredator adaptation

, and methods include camouflage, nocturnality, subterranean lifestyle, transparency,

[2] and mimicry (Wikipedia).

Mimicry:

mimicry

is the

similarity of one species to

another

.

[

2] This similarity can be in appearance, behaviour, sound

, scent and even location, with the mimics found in similar places to their models. (Wikipedia)

Coral Snake - venomous

Milk Snake – non-venomous

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Can get complicated….

video

Alligator snapper looks like a rock (crypsis), but has a tongue that ‘mimics’ a small fish

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video

Frogfish

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Mimicry for predator avoidance:Batesian

: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection

Three different,

unpalatable

species

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Mimicry for predator avoidance:Batesian

: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection

Three different, unpalatable

species

Three female morphs of a single

palatable

species; each mimics an unpalatable species in its range.

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Mimicry for predator avoidance:Batesian

: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection

Three different, unpalatable

species

Three female morphs of a single

palatable

species; each mimics an unpalatable species in its range.

Non-mimetic morphs of the same species,

Papilio

dardanus

(African Swallowtail)

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Mimicry for predator avoidance:

Batesian

: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection

Honey bee

Stingless flies, moths, and beetles

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Mimicry for predator avoidance:

Batesian

: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protectionThis is a katydid, NOT an ant…

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Mimicry for predator avoidance:Batesian

: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection

Snake-head caterpillars (different species)

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Mimicry for predator avoidance:

Batesian

: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection

Automimicry

?

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Mimicry for predator avoidance:Batesian

: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection

Ants are unpalatable to most birds and are avoided, selecting for mimicry in many other insects

H

emipteran

(bug)

Hemipteran

Beetle

Fly

Spider

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Mimicry for predator avoidance:Batesian

: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protectionMullerian: unpalatable species converge on a common morphology – mimicking one another, in a sense.

Monarch

Viceroy

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Mimicry for predator avoidance:Batesian

: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protectionMullerian: unpalatable species converge on a common morphology – mimicking one another, in a sense.

Four species of distasteful butterflies in the

Amazon – mimicry complex

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Mimicry for predator avoidance:Batesian

: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protectionMullerian: unpalatable species converge on a common morphology – mimicking one another, in a sense.

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Mimicry for predator avoidance:Emslyan

: deadly species may not always serve as models, because they give predators little chance to learn to avoid them. Coral snakes, for instance, are deadly. But false coral snakes are mildly poisonous (not deadly). So, it MAY be that coral snakes and milk snakes are mimicking false coral snakes.

FALSE

CORAL

MILK

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Mimicry/Crypsis by predators to GET a meal:

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Mimicry/Crypsis by predators to GET a meal:

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Mimicry/Crypsis by predators to GET a meal:

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Mimicry/Crypsis by predators to GET a meal:

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Mimicry/

Crypsis by predators to GET a meal:

Female Photuris versicolor mimic the light pattern of other species and eat males that come in response.

Male

P.

versicolor

mimic other species, too, to get close enough to their own females to attempt mating

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Ant-mimic spiders

video

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Selection favoring particular plant morphologies

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Artificial Selection favoring particular plant morphologies in “weeds”

Rye – secondary crop

Wheat

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Echinochloa oryzoides

Rice

Artificial Selection favoring particular plant morphologies in “weeds”

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Chemical Mimicry

Bola spiders and bird-dropping spiders:

– emit pheromone that mimics the sex pheromone of certain moth species… male moths come and get eaten.

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Chemical Mimicry

Some orchids emit the sex pheromone of a particular wasp species. Males come and “mate” with the flower, getting dusted with pollen.

video

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Chemical Mimicry

Orchid emits pheromones that mimic aphid alarm

phermones.This attracts hover flies that eat aphids… and they end up transferring pollen between flowers.

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video

Chemical MimicryBlister beetle –

Meloe franciscanusLarvae emit the sex pheromone of the solitary bee, Habropoda pallida.

Male bees come to a larval mass to mate, and get covered with larvae.They transfer these to females when they DO mate, and then larvae are taken to the nest where they eat bee eggs and larvae.

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Morphology

BehaviorChemistry

Predators

Prey

Mimicry of

env

(

crypsis

), predators, or prey to maximize survival

, feeding efficiency (growth),

or reproduction

Selective Pressures

Response

Mutualists

Parasites