How do Archaeologists ANALYZE DATA and ARTIFACTS History What TOOLS do historians use to unlock the secrets of the past Artifacts Primary sources Secondary Sources Once all of the tools to unlocking the past have been collected and analyzed how do historians DRAW CONCLUSIONS about the past ID: 775257
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Slide1
History and Archaeology
What are the TOOLS and METHODS used by Archaeologists and Historians?
How do Archaeologists ANALYZE DATA and ARTIFACTS?
Slide2History
What TOOLS do historians use to unlock the secrets of the past?ArtifactsPrimary sourcesSecondary Sources
Once all of the tools to unlocking the past have been collected and analyzed, how do historians DRAW CONCLUSIONS about the past?
Speculation
Interpretation
Educated guesses
Slide3History
Why does history always involve some degree of BIAS? Base theories on own interpretations
Why is it more difficult for historians to study ANCIENT history than MODERN history?
Less written record
Slide4Archaeology
What is Archaeology?Study of the material remains of the past
In what ways are Archaeologists detectives of the past? What tools do they use to discover the truth?
Early civilization = not much written record
Rely on physical remains, excavations, artifacts, organic material, fossils…
Slide5Archaeology
What are Anthropologists?
Study the origin, development and culture of humans
Paleontologists?
Study the fossil remains of animal and plant life
Paleoanthropologists?
Study both
Slide64Completed in exemplary detail – had additional information to teacher’s notesCompleted with exemplary organization – including the use of titles and underlining/bolding/highlighting key words3Completed in good detail – had the information from the notesCompleted with good organization – Had some titles and key words, but more needed2Completed in satisfactory detail – missing key information from notesCompleted with satisfactory organization – Some organization, but difficult to follow1Completed in insufficient detail – missing a lot of key information from notes/incompleteCompleted with insufficient organization – Disorganized and difficult to follow
Self-Assessment
Slide7History vs. Archaeology (review)
What are the similarities and differences between the TOOLS that historians and archaeologists use to reconstruct the past?
What are the similarities and differences between the
METHODS that
historians and archaeologists use to reconstruct the past?
Slide8Analyzing Data – Methods of Dating Artifacts
StratigraphyMeasuring layers in earthMost recent is shallow, older is deeper
Slide9Analyzing Data – Methods of Dating Artifacts
Radio-Carbon (C14)
Measures level of C14Accurate up to 40,000 yearsMost popular
Slide10What are the ADVANTAGES and DISADVNATAGES of these methods of dating artifacts?
Stratigraphy vs. C14 Dating
Slide11Analyzing Data – Exposing Frauds
Why? Fame, demonstrate faults in the archaeological process, or $$$
Better dating techniques today make frauds more difficult to pull off
Slide12Exposing Frauds - Example
Missing Link = ape-like humanoid1912, Charles Dawson finds Piltdown ManHuman skull, ape-like jawDisproved by modern dating techniquesClick for video
Slide13Analyzing Data – Analyzing Artifacts
Primary Data can be ORGANIC or INORGANICBest preserved in deserts, frozen tundra and waterlogged areasFirst analysis is SOURCE (local or traded?)
Slide14Analyzing Data – Analyzing Artifacts
ORGANIC
Plants and animalsSkeletal remains (age, sex)Paleopathology – study of ancient diseases
INORGANIC
Tools, pottery…Tools – use, sourcePottery – techniques etc
Slide154Completed in exemplary detail – had additional information to teacher’s notesCompleted with exemplary organization – including the use of titles and underlining/bolding/highlighting key words3Completed in good detail – had the information from the notesCompleted with good organization – Had some titles and key words, but more needed2Completed in satisfactory detail – missing key information from notesCompleted with satisfactory organization – Some organization, but difficult to follow1Completed in insufficient detail – missing a lot of key information from notes/incompleteCompleted with insufficient organization – Disorganized and difficult to follow
Self-Assessment