Water is not only important for human beings but for all living creatures It is the material that makes possible to maintain ones life and additionally it is used in Industry ID: 483866
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Slide1
HYDRAULICSSlide2
Water is not only important for human beings but for all living creatures. It is the material that
makes
possible to maintain one’s
life
and additionally
it is
used
in:
Industry
Cleaning (both for humans and environment)
Fire
control
….
For having a healthy life and keeping the standards of living, the required amount and quality of water should be supplied. For this reason, the civil engineers and other researchers in many disciplines should study on water science.
As vital for human life, the construction of water structures goes back to ancient times. The oldest water structure is not known. The oldest water structures known are located in
Mesopotamia
,
central Asia, Egypt, India and China, the irrigation systems in the vicinity of main rivers. Also the Roman aqueducts, Persian channels, Arabian wells are also known. Slide3
Binbirdirek
Cistern
The second biggest cistern in İstanbul
. Has been built in 4th Century but dried as time passes and has been used as a studio since 16th century.
Yerebatan
Cistern;
the biggest cistern in İstanbul and has been built by
Justinyen
I (527-565), to provide water to the places around. Slide4
Cebeci
Aqueduct
, has been built by
Mimar Sinan in between 1554-1563 to provide water for İstanbul. It is still standing. The height is 30 m.
Mağlova
Aqueduct
in
Kemerburgaz
. It was also used for providing water for İstanbul. Slide5
Water resources engineering
We have to know
where to find the water
How much water is located thereWhat is the quality of the water at that locationBeing a developed country means finding the required
amount of water at the required place at the required quality. Water resources engineering includes the design, construction and management of the structures for, Water usage, Water controlWater managementSlide6
Water engineering
Before beginning for big water structures a very detailed preliminary work including the followings should be performed:
The most proper place for the project
All possible alternativesTechnical feasibility
Material opportunitiesEconomical conditionsStaff needsRequired budgetSlide7
Hydrology
Hydrology: “An
earth science, that deals with the water on Earth: its occurrence, distribution, movement both on and under the surface, properties with their change in time and geographic location, as well as its relationship with the environment.”
We have to determine how much water we need and how much we have!! before design of the project.
If we have not enough water, we have to obtain it from the neighboring basins. Slide8
Hydrologic cycleSlide9
Hydraulic engineering can be examined in three categories:
Water usage,
Water control,
Water quality and managementSlide10
Water usage
The first issue in water usage is providing water to the residential areas. For this reason, to store water,
reservoirs
should be build. To transmit water to users, pipes, channels or tunnels should be built.
At this age, we use electricity very frequently. The hydroelectric power plants are one of the most popular power generating structures. For this reason we have to construct dams on the rivers. In order to increase productivity in agriculture, irrigation systems should be constructed. In addition to these, water is also used in recreation areas. Slide11
Water control
As a result of heavy rains or melting of snow, the water amount in the rivers may increase excessively and
floods
occur. They result in s significant amount of loss in property and casualties. Earthquakes are the first natural disaster that comes to mind. However, floods may be as dangerous as earthquakes sometimes. It is not possible to prevent the floods totally but we have to decrease their damages to minimum. For this reason, some structural precautions such as
dams can be built. The sewer system can be built properly. The settlement in urban areas make the leakage of rain to the ground difficult and this results in urban floods. To prevent this, a drainage system that collects to the rain water should be constructed. The excess water should also be drained at the highways, airports and irrigation areas. For this reason small dams or levees can be constructed. Slide12
Water quality
As water is becoming dirtier day by day, its quality is getting more important.
The water required for drinking and the one required for irrigation is not need to be in the same quality. The requirement of quality of water depends on its area of usage.
We have to control water pollution and prevent it. We have to purify water physically, chemically and biologically. It is a must for not only today but also for the future. Slide13
Main problems
The problems in hydraulic engineering depends on
topography,
geology and hydrology of the specific area. So it depends on where you are. For this reason, a water structure that you are going to built in an area cannot be constructed somewhere else.
There are lots of unknowns such as rainfall, flow, evaporation and etc. These unknowns all change the calculations. So it is not possible to have a typical prototype Project. To be on the safe side, the water structures are generally built with higher factor of safeties than required. They are mainly big projects that may cover a huge area (basin) or sometimes the country as a whole. Slide14
Main problems
How much water we need?
How much we have?
Who will use the water?Slide15
Hydromechanics
Flow in Closed Conduits
Open Channel FlowSlide16
Flow in Closed Conduits
General Characteristics of Flow in Closed Conduits
Fully Developed Flow in Closed Conduits
Friction loss in pipes
Laminar&Turbulent
flow in pipes
Friction factor and Darcy-
Weisbach
Equation
Moody ChartSlide17
Computation of Flow in Single Pipes
Calculation of head loss
Calculation of discharge
Determination of pipe diameter
Determination of friction factor
Flow in Closed ConduitsSlide18
Pipeline
Systems
Pipes
in
series & parallelBranching pipes, junctionsNetwork Solutions
Gravity Pipelines
Flow in Closed ConduitsSlide19Slide20
Network SystemsSlide21
General Characteristics of Open Channel Flow
Uniform Flow Concept
Chezy&Manning Formulas
Composite&Compound Sections
Uniform Flow Computations
Open Channel FlowSlide22
Specific Energy Concept and Critical Flow
Specific Energy
Critical Flow
Network Solutions
Channel transitions and chocking problems
Open Channel FlowSlide23
Rapidly
Vaired
Flow
Specific forceHydraulic JumpGradually
Varied
Flow
Design of Open
Channels
for
Uniform
Flow
Open Channel
FlowSlide24Slide25
Precipitation in
T
urkeySlide26
Precipitation in
T
urkey
Average
annual precipitation:
on land surfaces of the Earth ~ 800 mm, in Anica (Chile) ~ 0.5 mm, in Mt.
Waialeale (Hawaii) ~ 11680 mm, in Turkey ~ 643 mm.Is
Turkey a water rich country?Slide27
S
treamflow
Streams are easiest way to get clean (absence of salinity and contamination) water.
Most important element of the hydrologic cycle for hydrologist because only element which can reasonably be measured accurately.
Characteristics:
Volume for a certain duration (day, month, year)Extreme values (flood or drought)Slide28
S
treamflow
in
TurkeySlide29
S
treamflow
in
TurkeySlide30
Reservoirs
Used for;
Domestic water supply,
Irrigation,Electricity production,
Flood mitigation,Navigation,RecreationSlide31
Design of a Hydraulic Structure
Hydrologic Design
Hydraulic Design
Structural Design
Hydrologic Design is generally the most important as it determines the design magnitudes related to the structures. Upon investigating historic failures of hydraulic structures, nearly 90% of the failures were due to errors or omissions in the hydrologic design step.Slide32
Applications:
Dam Projects
Atatürk Dam
Keban DamSlide33
Applications:
Network Projects
Irrigation ProjectsSlide34
Irrigation TunnelsSlide35
Dams
Structures that are built to collect water are generally called DAMs.
Main usage areas of dams:
Urban water need
Factories
Generating power from hydraulic powerStorage of irrigation waterPreventing floodsSlide36
Types of
Dams
Gravity dams
Arch damsButtress damsEmbankment damsSlide37
Dams (
G
ravity)
Keban
DamConcrete(gravity)+ RockOn EuphratesSlide38
DERİNER
DAM
On
Çoruh
RiverHeight: 249m (highest in Turkey and 6th in the world)
Dams (Arch)Slide39
İstanbul Elmalı
Dam
Dams (Buttress)Slide40
ATATÜRK
DAM
On Euphrates
6th in the world in the embankment volume
Biggest in Europe and Turkey
Dams (Embankment)Slide41
Coastal and Harbor
E
ngineering
Management of National/International Coastal Areas: Legislative regulations and A
pplications Sea and Coast Hydrodynamics:Wind, wave, stream, tides.Wave-structure interaction.Lagoons.River mouths.Sand transportation, erosion and so on. Changes in sea shore.Sea pollution.Tsunami.
Global warming and increase in water level.Planning of coast and sea structuresHarbors: industrial port, marinas, fishing ports and etc. MooringsPiersJettiesSubmarine pipelinesSubmerges tube tunnelsDeep sea platformsSlide42
Coastal Structures