Period 4 Review The Rise of Democracy - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Period 4 Review

The Rise of Democracy

1800-1848Slide2

The “Revolution of 1800”

Jefferson wins, Burr becomes VP

Peaceful transfer of power among parties

12

th

Amendment

Jefferson keeps virtually all of Hamilton’s policies in place (not excise tax)

“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”Slide3

Emerging Judicial Branch

Judiciary Act of 1801

Created 16 new judgeships and other offices

“Midnight Judges”

Last minute appointments by Adams prior to leaving office

JOHN MARSHALL

(KNOW HIM, LIVE HIM, LOVE HIM)

Served 34 years

INCREASED THE POWER OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENTSlide4

More Judicial Branch

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

Marbury sues Secretary of State Madison

Part of Judiciary Act ruled unconstitutional

SIGNIFICANCE (VERY IMPORTANT)

Judicial Branch is the sole interpreter of the constitution

Sets the precedent that the Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutionalSlide5

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson sends Monroe to France to buy New Orleans

Napoleon offers to sell the whole Louisiana territory for 15 million

Needs money for war

Slave revolt in Haiti convinces him to abandon French interest in the Americas

Jefferson dilemma- nowhere in the Constitution authorizes presidents to buy land, but it also does not stop them.

To good a deal to pass up- Jefferson resolves issue by claiming his presidential power to negotiate treaties with foreign notion

Criticized by federalist and Republicans (Jeffersonian) alike (why?)Slide6
Slide7

Aaron Burr

Burr plotted a secession of New England

Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel and kills him

His political career is over, tries to separate western part of US

Arrested and tried for treason.

Found not guilty

Flees to Europe and urges an alliance between France and England against USSlide8

A Precarious Neutrality

America is caught between Britain and France

Berlin Decree (1806):

France would confiscate ships trading with Britain

Orders in Council (1806

): Britain’s response to France, forced ships trading with France to stop in Britain first to be loaded with goods

IMPRESSMENT

:

Forcible enlistment of American merchants and sailors into the British navy

Chesapeake Incident:

British warship fires on American ship, kills 3, injures 18. Angers Americans greatlySlide9

The Hated Embargo

Embargo Act of 1807:

Forbade export of ALL goods from US, no matter the destination

Intent was to make France and Britain respect America’s rights

The plan backfired horrifically

Economy of US takes a huge hit

New England was hurt the most (Federalists are angry)

Act revoked in 1809Slide10

Non-Intercourse Act:

Reopened trade with all nations of the world, except Britain and France

US economy is still hurting, needs those two large countries to trade with

Positives of embargos?

Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution are born

Factories begin to pop up in New England

Jefferson, who believed agriculture should be the main industry, helped spark industry (supported by Federalist Party)Slide11

Macon’s Bill #2

Purpose: to entice Britain or France to repeal shipping restrictions (Embargo/ Non-Intercourse Act 1909) so that trade could be reopened

U.S. would maintain its embargo against the nation that didn't sign on

Napoleon signs on, British are angry and increase their attacks on American ships

Leads to US embargo against Britain, helps fuel the War of 1812Slide12

Why war with Britain and Not France?

1. War Hawks pushed Madison toward war

2. Traditional Republican (Jeffersonian) partiality toward France

3. Visibility of British impressments

4.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

5. Lure of conquering British Canada: timber, fishing, fur trade.Slide13

War of 1812

War Hawks-

war was an opportunity to grab new territories (west and southwest)

Pro-war led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun

Native Americans aligned with the British

Tecumseh

unified tribes to stop Amer. Expansion into Indiana and Illinois

His brother

Tenskwatawa

(The Prophet) led revival of traditional NA culture and religionSlide14

War of 1812

British capture Washington DC and set fire to White house

With Napoleon’s defeat many issues that caused the war evaporated

Treaty of Ghent ends the war- nothing changes… no land lost or gained

Battle of New Orleans- clear victory for US and Andrew Jackson comes after the treaty was signedSlide15

War of 1812 Positive

One positive result was IT SPURRED AMERICAN

MANUFACTURING

states

had to become more self sufficient without trade from Europe

US

less dependent on imports that previously (ever)Slide16

Effects of War of 1812

Represent the end of Native Americans’ ability to stop American expansion

US economy becomes less reliant on British trade

Paves way for Presidents like Jackson and William Henry Harrison

Victory at New Orleans creates national euphoria/ unity

First instance that politicians who oppose war might damage their careers- Federalists opposed war and popularity of the war helped destroy partySlide17

American System

Proposed by Henry Clay

Protective tariffs on imports

Why, what does it protect?

Improvements to interstate roads

Building of canals and rivers

Re-chartering of the National BankSlide18

Era of Good Feelings

Demise of the Federalist left one political party

Chief Justice John Marshall continued to strength the federal government

McCulloch v. Maryland ruled that states could not tax the National Back- established precedent of national law over state law

Era of GF comes to an end with the panic of 1819

Panics always come after periods of (1) economic growth, (2) inflation and (3) land speculation

= factors that destabilized the economySlide19

Monroe Doctrine

Policy of mutual noninterference

Europe stay out of the American… we will stay out of Europe’s disputes

Claimed America’s right to intervene anywhere in its own hemisphere, if it felt its security was threatened.

Warned European nations that the Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization

No European country tried to intercede in the Americas following Monroe’s announcement

Why didn’t they?Slide20

Missouri Compromise

Expansion resulted in national debate over slavery- a trend we will see until the Civil War

Missouri was first state created from the Louisiana Purchase and threatened the balance of slave to non-slave states

Solution was Missouri Compromise- Henry Clay

Missouri becomes slave state

Maine created as free state

36-30’ parallel acts as separation between free and slave states- for creation of future statesSlide21

Missouri Compromise Effects

The MC was a measure that forestalled the Civil War (the first of many to come)

Nothing was really figured out about slavery except where it would be legal

Question of morality of slavery push off to be figured out later

It will split the Democratic- Republican (Jeffersonian Republicans) and end their control of national politicsSlide22

Missouri CompromiseSlide23

Election of 1824

4 People running- William Crawford, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, & Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson received both the most popular and electoral college votes but… did not have a majority of votes

Election went to the House of Representatives to figure out

Henry Clay (Speaker of the House) supported Adams giving him the Presidency

Adams in turn named Clay his Secretary of State (a position whose predecessors all became Presidents)Slide24
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Slide26

Election of 1824

It was alleged that Adams and Clay struck a deal

Election became known as the

Corrupt Bargain

Jackson was infuriated over the election results and vowed revenge in the next election

Adam’s presidency was inefficient and he failed to strengthen the power of the federal government

Jackson got his revenge and won election in 1828 largely on the idea of protecting states rights Slide27

2 Views of Democracy

Jacksonian Democracy vs Jefferson Republicanism

Jefferson believed in a nation governed by middle and upper class educated property owners, and a government that only large enough to provide an acceptable level of services

Jacksonian benefited from Universal White Manhood Suffrage

Extension of voting rights to all white makes regardless of owning property

Unlike Jeffersonian R, Jacksonian D is not a coherent vision of how a government should functionSlide28

Characteristics of Jacksonian Democracy

Jackson believed in the

Spoils System

Trading jobs for political favors

One of Jackson’s first acts was to replace government officials with political supports

A strong Presidency

Jackson used his popularity to challenge both Congress and the Supreme Court

Viewed themselves as champions of libertySlide29

Jackson’s Presidency

Indian Removal Act

Represented natural continuation of policy toward American Indians that the British started

Act demanded that all Native Americans resettle in Oklahoma =Indian Country

Jackson believed that moving away from white society was the best way to protect them from white encroachment and maintain their traditions

Was suggested by Monroe, but enacted by JacksonSlide30

Cherokee Nation

Jefferson believed that if the Native Americans gave up their “hunting and gathering” lifestyle and adopted American farming techniques then everyone could coexist peacefully (Assimilation)

Cherokees- developed a written language, converted to Christianity, and embraced agriculture

Claimed to developed their own government and deemed to be an independent republic within the state of Georgia

Problem- Gold was discovered inside the Cherokee land and Georgia citizens demanded the Native Americans removedSlide31

Cherokee Nation

Cherokees refused to be relocated

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia- John Marshall sides with the Cherokee, they have a right to their ancestral land

Jackson refuses to comply with the court’s decision, “John Marshall has make his decision, not let him enforce it.”

“Trail of Tears”- three year period- thousands of Cherokee walked to Oklahoma under supervision of US Army

Thousands die of starvation and sickness along the waySlide32

Jackson’s Presidency

Nullification- (first seen where, by who?)

Idea that individual states have a right to disobey federal law if they find it unconstitutional

… (who really has this power, how?)

Comes around again because of the Tariff of 1828 or better the TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS –taxes raw material at a higher rate them manufatured goods (who would it favor?)

P

assed under Adams administration becomes crisis during Jackson’s

John C Calhoun (South Carolina) believed the tariff to high and argueed for nullificationSlide33

Jackson’s Presidency

Nullification cont.

Jackson a supporter of states rights believed nullification endangered the Union and was too extreme

South Carolina nullified the tariff which caused Congress to authorize a

Force Bill

to threating using force (US Army) to enforce the tariff

Calhoun and Henry Clay quietly broker a compromise which lowers the tariff and tensions (Henry Clay will become known as the great compromiser)

Nullification would remain an issue until the Civil WarSlide34

Jackson’s Presidency

Jackson will downsize the federal government

Strengthen the power of the Presidency through use of the Veto

Ex. He vetoes Congresses attempt to

recharter

the Second Bank of the United States (BUS) by withdrawing federal funds and depositing them in state “Pet banks”

Jackson felt the bank protected Northeastern interest at the expense of the West

Was suspicious of paper money

… perferred “hard currency” = gold & silverSlide35

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Well read preacher- sign from God that a black liberation movement would succeed

He formed a group that killed and mutilated 60 whites

In retaliation 200 slaves were executed, some with no connection at all with the rebellion

To stop future rebellions Southern States passed

Black Codes

Series of restrictive laws prohibiting black people from congregating or learning to readSlide36

Rise of Whigs

Jackson’s Democratic party could not represent the interest of all its constituencies (ex. Northern abolitionists, Southern plantation owners, or Western pioneers

… Why?)

Whigs

loose coalition believed in opposing atleast one Democrats’ policies

Believed in government activism

Usually deeply religious (will support religious laws) and supported temperance

William Henry Harrison- first Whig president, dies a month into presidencySlide37

Beginning Economies

From arrival to the Revolutionary War Era settlers raised crops for subsistence (to live) rather than for sale

Most people made their own clothing, built their own homes, and got by with very little (conveniences)

Cash transactions were rare

DEVELOPMENTS in manufacturing and transportation will change all of this

… In the first decades of the 1800’s, US makes rapid transition from a subsistence to a market economySlide38

Market Economy

Market Economies will start to develop due to mass production and increases in transportation

In Market Economies people trade their labor or goods for cash in which they will use to buy other people’s labor or goods

Favor farmers who specialize in growing a single crop

Unfortunately, this can lead to overproduction and an unexpected price drop

Typically MC grow more quickly and provide more services than subsistence economies, and make people more interdependent

Will result in Boom and Bust cyclesSlide39

Market Economy

Events leading up to War of 1812 force the US to become less dependent on imports and develop a stronger national economy

Why, What events?Slide40

Eli Whitney

2 Key Inventions-

Cotton Gin

R

evolutionized Southern agriculture by making it easier to extract seeds from cotton plants

Made it cheaper and easier to use cotton for textiles- resulting in a rapid growth for cotton in early 1800s (#1 crop produced in US)

Intensified the South’s dependence on slave labor

Interchangeable Parts- Using the same part in various machines (ex. Mass production of rifles)

IP gave birth to the Machine-tool industry which produced specialized tools for textile and transportation industriesSlide41

Textile Industry

Advent of the Power Loom allowed manufactures to produce thread and finished fabric in factories quickly and efficiently

… what effect does this have?

Samuel Slater- “Father of the American Industrial Revolution” designed the first textile mills

Rapid growth of the textile industry resulted in a shortage of labor in New EnglandSlide42

Lowell Factory System

Lowell system- guaranteed employees housing in respectable, chaperoned boarding houses, cash wages, and participation in mill sponsored cultural and social eventsSlide43

Transportation Industry

Prior to 1820s, shipping east-west was difficult, most trade centered on north-south routes along the Ohio & Mississippi rivers

National Road

from Maryland to W. Virginia made east/west travel easier

Erie Canal

linked the Great Lakes to New York and then to European shipping routes

Became lucrative for Midwestern merchant/ farmer to sell their products to Eastern buyers

Northeast established itself as the center of commerce in USSlide44

Transportation Industry

Steamships make travel faster, both inside the US and oceangoing

Robert Fulton

was an American

engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing

the first

commercially successful steamboat called Clermont

.

Railroads redefined land travel (Why?)

W

ere built with Irish labor mainly throughout the northeast and sparingly in the South (Why?)

Owned by private companies, but largely funded by the government

Becomes a huge advantage for the North in the Civil WarSlide45

Agriculture Industry

Although manufacturing grew rapidly, agriculture remained the most common source of livelihood throughout the first have of the 19

th

century

Mechanization revolutionized farming-

Mechanical plow, sower, reaper, thresher, baler, cotton gin

By 1820 about 1/3 of food grown in US went to market, 1860= 2/3

Northeast- very little farm production (why? What do they do instead)

Midwest farms produce grain= wheat and corn

Southern farms produce cotton (Deep South)

and tobacco (

U

pper South)Slide46

Combination of Banks and Farms

Private banks sprang up to lend farmers the capital necessary to buy modern equipment

Trade routes created by rail and ships provided access to markets farmers needed to sell their crops to pay off their loans

What are the positives and negatives of this system?

Will play a large role in American History as we proceedSlide47

Manifest Destiny

Americans came to believe that they had a God given right to expand the nation from Atlantic to Pacific oceans

Will be used to justify expansion into other parts of North and South America

As settlers push westward will come into resistance from Native Americans and Mexicans

Examples of the US practicing Manifest Destiny

Texas

Oregon Territory- US competes with Native Americans, Britain and Russia (54’-40)

Gold Rush- 100,000 people rushing out to Cali for gold, but stay to create major trade centers like San Francisco Slide48

Story of Texas

Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821

Mexican government established liberal land policies to entice settlements

In exchange for land, settlers were supposed to become Mexican citizens, but usually did not and rejected Mexican law (banning slavery)

When Mexico attempted to retake control of the area the settlers (Texans) rebelled and declared independence from Mexico leading to the Mexican Revolution

Battle of the Alamo- Mexican General Santa Anna attacked the garrison at the Alamo and killed around 160 Texans and adventurersSlide49

Story of Texas

After the loss at the Alamo, the Texas regroup, are victorious at the

Battle of San

Jacinto

ended the Mexican Revolution

Creating the Republic of Texas

The US government will protect the Republic of Texas from the Mexican government and will lead to the Mexican American War

Short war, war heroes= Winfield Scott, Zachary Taylor, Robert E. Lee

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

ends Mexican American War

Sets Rio Grand as boundary between US and Mexico

US

received Mexican territory from Texas to the Pacific, and the US paid Mexico $15 million for the land.Slide50

Sectionalism

Regional differences- Economic

North-

Industrial and commercial center

of the US based on technological advancements in communication, transportation, industry and banking

South- Almost entirely

agrarian

(Tobacco & Cotton) requiring large areas of land, constantly trying to strengthen their position in Congress to

protect slavery

from Northern legislators by adding new slave territories (where?)

Western- Economic interest varied but mostly found in

commercial farming, fur trapping and land speculation

. Generally

distrusted the North

(powerful banks that could take their land away) and had

little use for the South

(rigid hierarchical society was at odds with the egalitarianism). Generally Stayed out of slavery issue.Slide51

Sectionalism

How did farming change in both the north and the south in ante-bellum America?

How did those changes both UNITE the nation and DIVIDE the nation?

What connections were there between the food farmed in the west, the cotton farmed in the south, and the rise of big cities in the north? 

What do you think the “market economy” was that developed in ante-bellum America?Slide52

Social Identity

Vertical vs. Horizontal Allegiance

:

Vertical – belief that one’s best interest is aligned with one’s superiors

Horizontal – belief that one’s best interest is aligned with those in a similar position to oneself; emerges with the factory mode of production

Why was the shift to vertical allegiances a result of the economic changes that occurred in

this

era?