Joe Soss Humphrey School of Public Affairs Departments of Political Science amp Sociology University of Minnesota Presentation based on Joe Soss Richard Fording and Sanford Schram 2011 ID: 287745
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Policy Devolution and the Racial Politic..." is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
Policy Devolution and the Racial Politics of Poverty Governance
Joe SossHumphrey School of Public Affairs Departments of Political Science & SociologyUniversity of Minnesota
Presentation based on Joe
Soss
, Richard Fording, and Sanford
Schram
. 2011.
Disciplining the Poor:
Neoliberal
Paternalism
and
the Persistent Power of
Race.
University of Chicago Press.Slide2
The Transformation of Poverty Governance
Neoliberalism Agenda: contrast with laissez-faire
Operations: devolution
, privatization
, performance
Paternalism Agenda: set and enforce behavioral expectations, promote social order and individual self-disciplineOperations: directive and supervisory admin, penal and custodial logics focused on noncompliance
PG
: more muscular in its normative enforcement, more dispersed and diverse in its organizationSlide3
Continuity and Change in Poverty Governance
Principle of Less Eligibility (PLE): a default logic disrupted by episodic political pressures.Double Regulation of the Poor
: rising correctional dimensions of the PLE, convergence as a single system, extension of penal logic/language to welfare
Blurring of State/Market Boundary
: PG as a site of profitable investment and labor market activity
Disciplinary Goals, Diverse Tools: goal of producing compliant (self-disciplining) worker-citizens, attractive and available to employersSlide4
Mainsprings of National Change
Conservative MobilizationBusiness, Racial, Neo-, Religious/SocialInvestments: think tanks, electoral/lobbyingRacialized “wedge issues” targeting fractures in the Democratic coalition Socio-economic Change
Decline of markets/wages for low-skilled labor
Compounding of social problems in racially segregated areas of concentrated poverty
The Underclass as a repository for diverse anxieties, growing push to enforce social order and discipline work/social behaviorSlide5
Today’s Focus: Federalism & Devolution(Structuring the Politics of Poverty Governance)
Horizontal: choice and variation across state and local jurisdictionsVertical: structured relations across federal, state, and local levelsFederalism: the timing and patterning of change
Devolution
: In PG, a racialized policy choice that facilitates racial influences and inequalities.
Racial effects depend on political and economic conditions across jurisdictions.Slide6
Poverty Governance, 1940s-1960s
Incarceration: modest, stable rates (~.1%)Welfare: patchwork of state and local provision
Barriers to access, excluded populations
Intrusive, restrictive rules and admin.
Low benefit levels
Calibration to local needs – e.g., seasonal closures in the South Slide7
Disruption in the 1960s:
Political insurgency and welfare rights litigation reshape the welfare settlement:Political pressures drive state benefit and caseload increases, moving them away from the PLEExpanded federal role in AFDC, constrains admin tactics for excluding/purging in the statesIncarceration rates respond to insurgency, but criminal justice remains mostly state/localSlide8
Federal Role Explains the Timing and Focus of Shifts in Poverty Governance, 1970-1995
Criminal Justice: States are less constrainedEarlier shift to more muscular approachSteep rise in incarceration across the statesWelfare: States are more constrainedLimits on rule and admin strategiesBenefits become the focus of efforts to restore the PLE
Real value of AFDC drops by roughly 50%, but caseloads fail to recedeSlide9
Disruption and Limited Restoration of the PLE:The Benefit-Wage Ratio over Time
Declining WagesFood Stamps (1964)Slide10
Multivariate Models of State Welfare Change:The Patterning of Decline, 1970-1995
Rates of AFDC Benefit DeclineRepublican Control of Govt. Higher BWR (benefits encroaching on wages)Higher black % of AFDC caseloadInteraction of BWR and Black %GA Termination: Republican control, low-skilled wage levels, black % of recipients
AFDC Waiver Adoption
: same predictors as benefit declineSlide11
State-Level Patterns in Criminal Justice:
Key Predictors of State Increases in Black and White Imprisonment Rates, 1976-1995Slide12
Federal Welfare Reform (PRWORA):
A New Devolution SettlementBlock grants, expansion of state rule discretionFederal mandates, asymmetric state choicesBacked up by federal benchmarks, monitoring, incentives, penaltiesNot a handoff, a shift in the federal role. State discretion over means for achieving federally mandated, disciplinary ends.
Work enforcement: now a national, bipartisan, implicitly racialized political projectSlide13
State
Choices Regarding TANF ProgramsDisappearance of predictors: partisan control, benefit-wage ratio (PLE), fiscal capacities, objective indicators of social problems
Racial Composition strongly predicts
…
Time limits
Family CapsFull-Family SanctionsWork Requirement Rigidity
Eligibility Restrictions
Second-Order DevolutionSlide14
The Accumulation of Racial Bias:
National Exposure to TANF Policy Regimes (2001)Slide15
Convergent Systems of Social ControlTANF Regimes,
Correctional Control, and Black Pop. (2001)Slide16
Sanction Implementation: Conservatism, Race, and Devolution
Florida WT ProgramHigher rates in more conservative counties: half as likely to survive 12 months without a sanctionStrong interaction with client race: no effect among white clients.
National Analysis
Interaction of local conservatism and client race observed in SOD states only Slide17
Black-White Sanction Disparities, Black
Arrest Rates, and Benefit-Wage Ratios in Black HH Incomes (FL
Counties)
Convergence: Policing and Welfare SanctioningSlide18
Sanctioning and Labor Market Needs:
Statewide Seasonal CalibrationSanction Hazard Ratios and Tourism Revenues: r = .95Slide19
Sanctions and Local Labor Market
Seasonality by Client Race (County-Months)Slide20
Concluding Remarks
Contemporary poverty governance as a coherent disciplinary project. A shared logic of… Criminal justice and welfarePolicy design and implementation
Neoliberal paternalism as a racial project
Federalism as a mechanism for calibrating PG and state/local political economies
Federalism as a mechanism of racial inequality,
Facilitating racial biases in policy choice Converting them into racial inequalities vis-à-vis state and market institutionsSlide21
Policy Devolution and the Racial Politics of Poverty Governance
Joe SossHumphrey School of Public Affairs Departments of Political Science & SociologyUniversity of Minnesota
Presentation based on Joe
Soss
, Richard Fording, and Sanford
Schram. 2011. Disciplining the Poor: Neoliberal Paternalism and the Persistent Power of Race. University of Chicago Press.Slide22
Extra SlidesSlide23
State
Choices Regarding TANFFamily Cap, Time Limit, Full-Family SanctionSlide24
State Choices Regarding TANF
Work Requirement Rigidity, Eligibility RestrictionsSlide25
State-to-Local Devolution in TANF
Programs:Size & Distribution of Black Populations