Glycolysis. C483 Spring 2013. 1. The . conversion of pyruvate to ethanol also causes the ________. . A) oxidation of NADH . B) production of ADP . C) consumption of O2 . D) generation of an ion gradient across mitochondrial membranes . ID: 274738
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Pyruvate and Energetics of Glycolysis
C483 Spring 2013
Slide21. The
conversion of pyruvate to ethanol also causes the ________.
A) oxidation of NADH
B) production of ADP
C) consumption of O2
D) generation of an ion gradient across mitochondrial membranes
2. The
enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate is ________.
A) lactate
reductase
B) pyruvate kinase
C)
lactoenolpyruvate
D) lactate dehydrogenase
Which fate of pyruvate is an anaerobic process?
Formation of alanine
Formation of oxaloacetate
Formation of acetyl CoA
Formation of lactate
Slide3Seven of the ten reactions in the glycolytic pathway have free energy values close to zero. What does this tell us about those reactions?
A) They are near equilibrium reactions.
B) They are not control points for pathway regulation.
C) They are reversible reactions.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
Which of the following is false concerning steps 1, 3, and 10 of glycolysis?
All are catalyzed by a kinase.
All involve ATP hydrolysis
All have a negative standard free energy
All have a negative free energy under cellular conditions
All are irreversible steps.
Slide4Fate of Pyruvate
Gluconeogenesis
Amino acid
and nitrogenmetabolism
Aerobic Energy
Anaerobic inmicroorganisms
Anaerobic in
h
igher organisms
Slide5The Problem of Anaerobic Metabolism
With oxygen, the NADH produced in glycolysis is re-oxidized back to NAD
+
NAD
+
/NADH is a co-substrate which means…
If there is no oxygen, glycolysis will stop because…
The solution to the problem is to…
Slide6The solution in Yeast
Pyruvate is
decarboxylated
(
cofactor?) to acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde transformed to ethanol
What type of reaction?
What cofactor?
NAD
+
is regenerated to be reused in GAPDH
Slide7Balanced Anaerobic Equation
Glycolysis: +Ethanol:______________________________
Slide8The Solution in Us
Lactate formationBalanced equationDo the same exercise as yeast
Slide9Overall Energetics of Glycolysis
Standard Free energy change, and standard free energy change at 37o with ionsProblem?
Slide10Actual Free energy
Irreversible reactions: Which type of enzymes?Near-equilibrium reactionsNotice: reactions 5 and 6 together
Slide11Answers
A
D
D
D
B
Slide12Slide13Slide14Slide15Slide16
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