Key questions for this Unit What circumstances led to the Industrial Revolution What role did technology play What economic amp social conditions arose What political reforms emerged The Industrial Revolution ID: 701445
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Slide1
The Industrial RevolutionSlide2
Key questions for this Unit
What circumstances led to the Industrial Revolution?
What role did technology play?
What economic & social conditions arose?
What political reforms emerged?
Slide3
The Industrial Revolution
Began in 1750’s in
Britain
Time period where:
Means of production shifted from hand tools to complex machines
Human/animal power to steam power
Domestic System (Cottage Industries)
to
factory systemSlide4
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
Agrarian /Agricultural
Revolution-
Changes in Methods of Farming
Technology-
Seed Drill, Dikes, Fertilizer
Enclosure- Fencing off large tracts of land making farming more efficientImproves food productionSlide5
2. Population Explosion-
1700’s European pop.reaches 190 million
People eat better, healthier babies,better medical care
More Demand for goodsSlide6
Enclosure MovementSlide7
3.
Energy Revolution-
Water wheels power new machines
Coal used to fuel steam engine
Faster production of goodsSlide8
Why did the Industrial Revolution
begin in
Great Britain?Slide9
Factors of Production
Vital to Industrialization
Land
Labor
CapitalSlide10
Natural Resources
Rivers
Harbors
LandSlide11
Labor
Population Explosion
Unemployed FarmersSlide12
Capital
Strong Economy
Overseas empire
Willing investors
Political/financial stability
Business friendly
governmentSlide13
Textile Industry
Flying Shuttle Spinning Jenny
Waterframe Spinning Mule
PowerLoom Cotton Gin
Steam EngineSlide14
Transportation Industry
Steamboat-Robert Fulton
Macadam Roads-Turnpikes
Railroads- Promoted other industriesSlide15Slide16Slide17
Not the LIRRSlide18Slide19
Geography
Population growth & change
Capital for investment
Role of Government
British Advantages
Factors of Production-
Land, Labor, & CapitalSlide20
1. Geography
Large amount of Natural Resources
Coal & Iron Ore
Rivers
Transportation & power
Island Nation
Many natural Harbors for tradeSlide21
2. Population Growth & Change
High availability of Labor
Growth in population
Fewer farm laborers neededSlide22
3. Capital for Investment
Overseas empire made economy strong (Natural Resources & Markets)
Middle class willing to invest in mines, railroads & factoriesSlide23
4. Role of Government
Stable government
Good banking system
Promoted experimentation
Passed laws to protect businessSlide24
IndustrializationSlide25
Industrialization changes ways of Life
Rural Society Based on Agriculture
Urban Society based on manufacturing
From
ToSlide26
Urbanization
Shift from rural to city life
Growth of factories bring job seekers
Domestic System
Factory System
Cities grow near sources of energy
Cities double/triple in size
Manchester, Liverpool, BirminghamSlide27
Working Conditions
Change from
Cottage Industries
to
Factory System
Unsafe Conditions/dangerous machinery
Long Hours/six days a week
Little ventilationChild LaborLow WagesHarsh punishmentSlide28
Slide29
Living Conditions
Lacked adequate housing
Dirty one room tenements & row houses
No running water
No police force
Unsanitary conditions
Unpaved streets/pollution
No sewage or sanitation systems
Disease spread rapidlySlide30Slide31Slide32Slide33Slide34Slide35Slide36Slide37Slide38Slide39
Industrial Society
Industrial Revolution brought new wealth
Rich middle class emerged
Wealthy Merchants & Factory owners grew wealthier than landowners & aristocrats
Upper Middle Class
Government employees, doctors, lawyers, managersSlide40
Lower middle class
Factory overseers, toolmakers, printers
Wealth did not trickle down
Lower class workers remained poverty stricken
Resentful mobs rioted
Luddites-
Groups of resentful workers who smashed machines that put them out of work,Slide41Slide42
Economic Philosophies & the Industrial Revolution
Progress increased gap between rich & poor
Some felt government should stay out of business & economic affairs
Others felt government should play an active roleSlide43
Adam Smith
“
Wealth of Nations”
(1776)
Promoted
Laissez Faire capitalism
economics (Let do)
Capitalism- money is invested in business to make a profitBusiness should operate w/ little or no govt. interferenceSlide44
David Malthus
An Essay on the Principle of population
(1798)
Population will increase more rapidly than food supply
W/out wars or epidemics most would become poor & miserableSlide45
David Ricardo
Principles of Political Economy & Taxation (1817)
Permanent underclass would be poor
Wages would be forced down as population increased
Smith, Ricardo & Malthus
were all against government involvement
Slide46
The Rise of Socialism
Free market capitalism
created social inequality
Government must take action to improve people’s lives
Concentrated on the interests of society rather than the individual
Farms & businesses should belong to all the people not individuals Slide47
Utilitarianism
Government actions are only useful if they promote the greatest good for the greatest amount of people
Promoted by
Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart MillSlide48
Sought to create
self- sufficient communities
All property & work would be shared
Since all wealth would be equal- fighting would end
Robert Owen
Utopian SocialismSlide49
New Harmony IndianaSlide50
Marxist Socialism
“The Communist Manifesto”
(1848) by
Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels
Scientific Socialism
Ideas would inspire communist revolutions in China, Russia, & CubaSlide51
History was a struggle between wealthy capitalist & working class
The Haves
Vs. The
Have Nots
Capitalist
(
Bourgeoisie
) took advantage of the Proletariat (Working Class)Proletariat would eventually rise up & overthrow capitalist societyA “dictatorship of the Proletariat” would rule
Basic IdeasSlide52
Means of production
would be owned by the people
Wealth would be shared equally
Eventually government would wither away & a
classless society
would emerge
Marxism
lost its appeal in 1800’s as working conditions improvedSlide53
Unionization & Legislative Reform
Voluntary associations known as
unions
pushed for labor reforms in the 1800’s
Spoke for all workers in a particular trade
Engaged in collective bargaining
Negotiations between labor & managementSlide54
If negotiations broke down members would
strike
First Unions were skilled workers & benefited the middle class
At first Unions were outlawed
Combinations Act of 1799 & 1800
Viewed as a threat to social order
After 1825 Unions were toleratedSlide55
Reform Laws
Factory Act of 1833
-Minimum age & maximum hours for children
Mines Act of 1842-
Women & children could not work underground
Ten Hours Act-
limited the workday for women & childrenSlide56
Abolishment of Slavery
- 1833 (
Britain)
Morally wrong
Economic threat
Women’s rights movements grew
Free public schooling became available Slide57
The Effects of Industrialization
The Industrial Revolution brought about many
Economic, Social, & Political ChangesSlide58
Economic Effects
Increased Production leads to higher demand for raw materials & markets (
Imperialism
)
Rise of big business
Laissez-Faire Economics
replaces mercantilism
Advances in transportation, agriculture, & communicationsSlide59
Social Effects
Urbanization
New Jobs
Harsh Labor & working conditions
New Class structure
Loss of Family stability
Expansion of middle class
Improved standard of living for someSlide60
Political Effects
Reform laws passed
Labor laws, Slavery, public schooling
Trade Unions Grow
Social reform Movements appear
Utilitarianism, Utopianism, Socialism, & Marxism
Upset Balance of Power
Imperialism,MilitarismSlide61
The Spread of Industrialization
Began in England
in 1750’s
Parliament passes laws to prevent spread of industrial knowledge
By mid 1800’s moves beyond Britain
New powers emerge & compete for wealth
Markets & resourcesSlide62
Industrialization in America
Similar to British Industrialization
Rivers, Ports, Coal & iron, immigrant laborers
Gain knowledge of British industry through
espionage
Samuel Slater
builds spinning machine from memory
First factory
Pawtucket, Rhode Island
Slide63
Textile factories emerge in the
Northeast
Railroads expand industry
Industrialization corporations
Business owned by stockholders with limited personal responsibility
The
Age of Big business
The rich get rich & the poor remain poorSlide64
Slaters Mill, RISlide65Slide66Slide67
Industrializtion in Continental Europe
Yearned to experience the
British Miracle
Factors impeding industrialization
French Revolution & Napoleonic Wars
Political divisions
Social divisions
Geographic shortcomings Slide68
Belgium
leads the way (1799)
Textile industry emerges
Rich in iron &coal, plentiful waterways
France’s
industrial growth emerges after expansion of railroads (1850)Slide69
Economically & politically divided
Pockets of industry sprout up
Coal rich
Ruhr Valley
Railroads link industrial centers
Industrialism fuels
militarism
Policy of Blood & Iron Emerges as an industrial giant
Germany IndustrializesSlide70
Global Impact
Upset
balance of power
Widens economic gap between Industrialized & non-industrialized nations
Europeans economically superior to Asia & Africa
Leads to the rise of
imperialism
Search for raw materials & marketsSlide71
ImperialismSlide72
Conditions
in Industrial Europe
Urbanization
Factory System
Long Hours – 14-16 per day
Dangerous Conditions
Harsh and severe discipline.
Overworked and underpaid! Slide73
Emerging Class System
Growing middle class of factory owners, shippers, and merchants
Lower middle class of factory overseers and skilled workers.Unskilled positions lowest class {left out of the rise of Standard of Living!}Slide74
Reform Movements
Workers fight for their rights!
What is a union?
Methods Used by Unions?
At first unions were made illegal by the Combination Acts of 1799/1800. {these are later repealed in 1824}Slide75
Abolition Occurs
In Europe
Abolition – the end of slavery
William Wilberforce
When did the slave trade begin?
Morality VS EconomySlide76
Government Regulation
Factory Act of 1833
Mines Act of 1842
Ten Hours Act 1847Slide77
Impact Of Industrialization
New Economic Theories
{Capitalism VS Socialism}
Shift in the Balance of Power {competition between the newly industrialized nations and the less-developed nations}
Global Inequality
IMPERIALISMSlide78
Colonial Empires by 1914