Chapter 10 The Blood Blood is responsible for providing transportation regulation and protection throughout the body It also plays a key role in gas exchange The Function and Composition of Blood ID: 908790
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Slide1
Slide2Lesson 10.1
The Function and Composition of Blood
Chapter 10: The Blood
Slide3Blood is responsible for providing transportation, regulation
, and protection throughout the body. It also plays a key role in gas exchange.
The Function and Composition of Blood
Slide4Functions of the Blood
Slide5There are two basic components of blood:
Plasma: liquid componentFormed elements: solid component
Red blood cells
Carry oxygen
White blood cells
Immune response
Platelets
Clotting of blood
The Formed Elements
Slide6Blood is a sticky, thick fluid that makes up roughly 8% of our total body weight
.Both men and women have, on
average, between 4 and 5 liters of blood
.
Blood is
slightly salty
with, a
sodium chloride concentration of 0.9%
. It has a pH between 7.35 and 7.45
and an average
temperature of 38°C (100.4°F)The color of blood varies based on the oxygen level in the bloodstream. Oxygen-rich blood in the arteries is a brighter red than the oxygen-poor blood in the veins.
Physical Properties of Blood
Slide7The formed elements are transported in the plasma, or liquid part of the blood.
90% water8% plasma proteins2% mixture of electrolytes, nutrients, ions, respiratory gases, hormones, waste products
Plasma
Slide8It contains three types of proteins
FibrinogenAlbuminGlobulinIt also contains a mixture of
electrolytes
and
buffers
Sodium, potassium, chloride
etc
Bicarbonate, phosphate & sulfate regulate blood pH
Plasma
Slide9The Composition of Blood
Slide10The Composition of Blood
Slide11New blood cells are manufactured in a process called hematopoiesis
Blood cells are manufactured in bone marrow.
Manufacturing Blood Cells
Slide12They
carry oxygen to every living cell in the body and carry carbon dioxide away.RBCs are disk-shaped and the most abundant cells in the blood, numbering between
four and six million per cubic millimeter
.
Hemoglobin molecule
binds with oxygen and carbon dioxide transporting them from and to the lungs respectively
.
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Slide13Red blood cell production is regulated by the kidneys
through a process called erythropoiesis.Recycling of RBScRed blood cells
live 120 days
Phagocytosis
– RBCs recycled
Hemolysis
– the rapture of RBCs when they reach the end of their lifecycle.
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Slide14Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Slide15Match these words with 1–4 below: plasma, white blood cells, platelets
, bright red, red blood cell.1. Liquid portion of blood 2. Carry oxygen
3. Clot
4. Arterial blood
Review and Assessment
Plasma
Red Blood Cell
Platelets
Bright red
Slide16White blood cells, or leukocytes, serve as the body’s
infection fighters and, therefore, play an important role in immune response.At any given time, blood contains about 4,300 to 10,800 white blood cells
(WBCs) per cubic millimeter.
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Slide17Within a matter of hours, the number of
WBCs doubles when a foreign microorganism is detected in the body.Granulocytes: have granules in their cytoplasm
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes
: cytoplasm lacks granules
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Slide18There are five different types of white blood cells. Each type varies by size, appearance, and function.
Neutrophils First respondersThe
most abundant
Phagocytic cells
that
engulf and kill foreign invaders
Eosinophils
Only a small portion of our WBCs
Participate in many
inflammatory processes
, especially allergic reactions.
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Slide19Basophils Least abundant of the WBSc
Produce histamine which induces an inflammatory response.Produce heparin, an anticoagulant that
prevents blood clotting
.
Lymphocytes
Second most abundant WBCs in the body.
T cells (>80%)
B cells
Form
antibodies to fight antigens
.MonocytesLargest white blood cells in the body
Become
macrophages that devour microorganisms
.
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Slide20They are small, irregularly shaped
cell fragments lacking a nucleusPlatelets play an important role in hemostasisSequence of events that causes blood clots to form.
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Slide21Steps of hemostasisVessel wall injury and constriction
– reduces blood loss at the site of injury.Platelet aggregation – repair the tear and release a chemical that maintains constriction
of blood vessel
Platelet plug
formation and coagulation
Blood clot formation
and retraction
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Slide22The Process of Hemostasis
Slide23Fill in the blanks with: basophils, hemostasis, hemoglobin, or T cell.1. _______________ is a type of lymphocyte.
2. _______________ produce histamine. 3. _______________ binds with oxygen.4. _______________ stops bleeding.
Review and Assessment
T cell
Basophils
Hemoglobin
Hemostasis
Slide24Lesson 10.2
Blood
Types
Blood Types Video
Chapter 10: The Blood
Slide25Blood is classified according to the microscopic differences found on the surface of the red blood cell.Presence of molecule A – blood type A
Molecule B – blood type B, Molecule A and B – blood type ABNo A or B molecules – blood type
O
Blood Types
Slide26These molecules on the surface of the RBCs are called antigens
They identify self and non-selfAntibodies are produced once a
foreign antigen
is
detected
in the body
Blood Types
Slide27Blood Types
Slide28When a person with type A blood is transfused with blood from a type B blood donor
, the recipient’s anti-B antibodies attack the donor’s red blood cells. This causes the donated red blood cells to
clump together
in a process called
agglutination
.
Creates
blockages in smaller blood vessels
and is potentially fatal.
Blood Transfusions
Slide29Universal recipient has no antibodies and can safely receive blood of any type
Blood type ABUniversal donor has no antigens that can be attacked and therefore, can donate to anyone Blood type O
Blood Transfusions
Slide30Rh (rhesus factor) is a second antigen on the surface of RBCs that
determines your blood type.Rh-positive individualsHave Rh factor antigen on RBCsRh-negative individuals
do not have Rh factor antigen on RBCs
The Rh Classification System
Slide31Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
:(
Erythroblastosis
Fetalis
)
Rh danger during pregnancy
of an Rh(-) mother carrying an Rh(+) unborn child.
1
st
pregnancy
: proceeds
without problems
2
nd
pregnancy
: mother’s immune system produces
antibodies
to attack the Rh(+) blood of the baby.
Can be prevented if treated with an immune serum called
RhoGAM
immediately after giving birth to the first child.
Slide32True or False?1. Blood type O is the universal donor.
2. Agglutination is the clumping of RBCs.3. Antigens are in blood plasma.4. Antibodies are on the surface of RBCs.
5. Rh factor is positive or negative.
Review and Assessment
True
True
False
False
True
Slide33Lesson 10.2
Blood
Types
Blood Types Video
Chapter 10: The Blood
Slide34The Process of Hemostasis
Slide35Lesson 10.3
Blood Disorders and Diseases
Chapter 10: The Blood
Slide36Blood disorders and diseases can be diagnosed in a variety of ways, including a complete blood count test.
Many health problems affecting the blood are inherited, but some are caused by environmental factors,
poor diet
, or even
old age
.
Blood Disorders and Diseases
Slide37detects blood disorders or diseases
Complete Blood Count
Slide38A condition characterized by a decrease in number of RBCs or
insufficient amount of hemoglobin in the RBCsThere are three main causes of anemia: Excessive blood loss,
Decreased RBC production
,
High rate of RBC destruction
.
Anemia
Slide39Symptoms include:Headache
, dizziness, weakness, fatigue, and
difficulty breathing
or shortness of breath.
A
healthful diet
provides the
building blocks for RBC production
: iron,
folic acid
, and vitamin B
Anemia
Slide40Can be caused by a dietary deficiency, exposure to parasitic worms
or a symptom of another disease.Iron-deficient anemiaThe most common type of anemia
Insufficient dietary intake of iron
Intestinal bleeding
from intestinal worms
Pregnancy
because the bodies supply the fetus with hemoglobin, which depletes the mother’s iron levels.
Acquired Anemias
Slide412. Aplastic anemiaRare condition cause by
damage to stem cells in bone marrow hence cannot produce sufficient RBCs, WBCs or platelets.
Causes include:
Toxins (such as those found in pesticides)
Radiation therapy or chemotherapy
Infectious & autoimmune disease (ex. Hepatitis, HIV, RA)
Heredity
Acquired Anemias
Slide423. Pernicious anemiaIntestines cannot absorb vitamin B
12 a vitamin essential for RBC production.4. Anemias caused by chronic diseaseRheumatoid arthritisKidney disease
Chronic infections
Cancer
Acquired Anemias
Slide43Inherited anemias are determined by genetic makeup. A child must receive an
anemia gene from both parents to experience symptoms of an inherited anemia. If an anemia gene is received from only one parent, the child
will be a carrier
but will not experience symptoms.
Inherited Anemias
Slide44Sickle cell anemiaRBCs have
crescent shapeCarry less oxygenCrises–painful episodes
Cooley’s anemia
Body
cannot produce fully formed hemoglobin
and enough RBCs
Blood’s
oxygen-carrying capability is reduced
.
Inherited Anemias
Slide45Yellow-colored skin and whites of the eyesCause by
excess bilirubin, a product of RBC breakdown, typically excreted through bile in the liver.Can be a result of liver damage or disease.
Common in newborns
as a result if an immature liver.
Jaundice
photobank.kiev.ua/Shutterstock.com
Slide46Hemophilia A disorder in which the
blood does not clot properly because some clotting factors are missing.Inherited carried on the X chromosomeMore
common in males
Polycythemia
Overproduction of RBCs
Causes
thick blood
Blood Disorders
Slide47Cancer of the blood caused by the production of an extremely
high number of immature white blood cells.
Leukemia
CLL
Slide48Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
Most common in adults over 70over production of lymphocytes (T-cells & B-cells)
Acute myeloid leukemia
(AML)
Most common in
adults
Too many
myeloblasts
– cells that fight bacterial
infections
Leukemia
Myeloblasts – stem cells that produce granulocytes
Slide49Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
(CLL)Common in middle-aged adultsHigh level of
lymphocytes (T-cells & B-cells)
Chronic myeloid leukemia
(CML)
Too many
granulocytes
Leukemia
Slide50Plasma cell cancer in bone marrowSecond most common blood cancer in the United States
May damage bone particularly in the back and ribsTreatable with steroid drugs, chemotherapy, and stem cell transplants.Incurable
Multiple Myeloma
Slide51Match these words with 1–4 below: jaundice, leukemia,
myeloma, anemia, hemophilia, 1. Cancer of the blood2. Blood does not clot
3. Yellow colored skin
4. Decrease in number of RBCs
Review and Assessment
Leukemia
Hemophilia
Jaundice
Anemia