0 An Overview of Animal Diversity - PowerPoint Presentation

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An Overview of Animal DiversitySlide2

What should animals with radial symmetry be better able to do than those with bilateral symmetry?

move quickly in one direction

detect threats from above or below equally well

deal effectively with food distributed homogeneously in 360focus attention in a single directionSlide3

What should animals with radial symmetry be better able to do than those with bilateral symmetry?

move quickly in one direction

detect threats from above or below equally well

deal effectively with food distributed homogeneously in 360focus attention in a single directionSlide4

What is true of modern animal phylogenies?

They take no account of an

animal’s

“body plan.” They portray an animal’s place

on the scale of nature (

scala

naturae

).

They rely solely on molecular (genetic) data.They are hypothetical.They are immune from error due to homoplasy.Slide5

What is true of modern animal phylogenies?

They take no account of an

animal’s

“body plan.” They portray an animal’s place

on the scale of nature (

scala

naturae

).

They rely solely on molecular (genetic) data.They are hypothetical.They are immune from error due to homoplasy.Slide6

Which of these genetic changes is thought to have led to the increasing complexity of the arthropod body plan?

increased number of

Hox

genes for body segmentationchanges in regulation of Hox genes for body segmentationincreased number of Hox genes for appendages

changes in regulation of

Hox

genes for

appendages

increased complexity in genes for exoskeleton

arrangementsSlide7

Which of these genetic changes is thought to have led to the increasing complexity of the arthropod body plan?

increased number of

Hox

genes for body segmentationchanges in regulation of Hox genes for body segmentationincreased number of Hox genes for appendages

changes in regulation of

Hox

genes for appendages

increased complexity in genes for exoskeleton

arrangementsSlide8

Which of the following statements about

Hox

genes is incorrect

?

The

Hox

gene family underwent a series of duplications.

Most animals share a unique homeobox-containing family of genes.Hox

genes regulate the formation of the anterior-posterior axis.

Simple

animals such as sponges possess

Hox

genes

.Slide9

Which of the following statements about

Hox

genes is incorrect

?

The

Hox

gene family underwent a series of duplications.

Most animals share a unique homeobox-containing family of genes.Hox

genes regulate the formation of the anterior-posterior axis.

Simple

animals such as sponges possess

Hox

genes.Slide10

Scientists researching the origins of

multicellularity

compared protein domains of ___________ proteins of unicellular organisms with those of certain animals

.

fibrillin

collagen

elastin

cadherin

keratinSlide11

Scientists researching the origins of

multicellularity

compared protein domains of ___________ proteins of unicellular organisms with those of certain animals

.

fibrillin

collagen

elastin

cadherin

keratinSlide12

Reasons for the rise in the diversity of animal phyla during the Cambrian include all of the following

except

predators

acquired novel adaptations

prey

species acquired new defenses

an

increase in atmospheric oxygen permitted larger bodied animals to thrive

hox genes facilitated the evolution of new forms

global

cooling triggered shifts in animal lineagesSlide13

Reasons for the rise in the diversity of animal phyla during the Cambrian include all of the following

except

predators

acquired novel adaptations

prey

species acquired new defenses

an

increase in atmospheric oxygen permitted larger bodied animals to thrive

hox genes facilitated the evolution of new forms

global

cooling triggered shifts in animal lineagesSlide14

Which of the following triploblastic organisms is incorrectly matched with the type of body cavity it possesses?

pseudocoelomate

—flatworm

coelomate

—earthworm

acoelomate

—planarianSlide15

Which of the following triploblastic organisms is incorrectly matched with the type of body cavity it possesses?

pseudocoelomate

—flatworm

coelomate

—earthworm

acoelomate

—planarianSlide16

In which of the following types of cleavage patterns does each cell have the capacity to develop into a complete embryo

?

determinate

cleavage

indeterminate

cleavage

spiral

cleavageSlide17

In which of the following types of cleavage patterns does each cell have the capacity to develop into a complete embryo

?

determinate

cleavage

indeterminate

cleavage

spiral

cleavageSlide18

Which of the following is not a major clade of

bilaterian

animals

?

Deuterostomia

Lophotrochozoa

Ecdysozoa

EumetazoaSlide19

Which of the following is not a major clade of

bilaterian

animals

?

Deuterostomia

Lophotrochozoa

Ecdysozoa

EumetazoaSlide20

During the

Neoproterozoic

era, all except which of the following would have been true

?

Soft

-bodied, multicellular eukaryotes could be found.

Molluscs

, sponges and cnidarians could be found.

Predation

existed.Animal diversity decreased.Slide21

During the

Neoproterozoic

era, all except which of the following would have been true

?

Soft

-bodied, multicellular eukaryotes could be found.

Molluscs

, sponges and cnidarians could be found.

Predation

existed.Animal diversity decreased.Slide22

Animal phyla vary greatly in morphology, from simple sponges that lack tissues and symmetry to complex vertebrates. Members of different animal phyla have similar developmental genes, but the number of

miRNAs

(microRNAs) varies considerably. These small RNAs are involved in the regulation of gene expression. In this exercise, you will explore whether

miRNA

diversity is correlated to morphological complexity

.

In the analysis,

miRNA

diversity is represented by the average number of

miRNAs

in a phylum (

x

), while morphological complexity is represented by the average number of cell types in that phylum (

y

). Researchers examined the relationship between these two variables by calculating the correlation coefficient (

r

).

Scientific Skills ExercisesSlide23

For the eighth observation (

I

= 8), identify the animal phylum, 

x

i

, and 

y

i

.

Phylum

Cephalochordata

: 

x

i

= 33; 

y

i

= 68

Phylum

Urochordata

: 

x

i

= 77; 

y

i

= 25

Phylum

Porifera

: 

x

i

= 5.8; 

y

i

= 25

Phylum

Urochordata

: 

x

i

= 25; 

y

i

=

77Slide24

For the eighth observation (

I

= 8), identify the animal phylum, 

x

i

, and 

y

i

.

Phylum

Cephalochordata

: 

x

i

= 33; 

y

i

= 68

Phylum

Urochordata

: 

x

i

= 77; 

y

i

= 25

Phylum

Porifera

: 

x

i

= 5.8; 

y

i

= 25

Phylum

Urochordata

: 

x

i

= 25; 

y

i

=

77Slide25

Which animal phylum has greater complexity than

Urochordata

?

Echinodermata

Annelida

Arthropoda

All

animals are equally complex

.Slide26

Which animal phylum has greater complexity than

Urochordata

?

Echinodermata

Annelida

Arthropoda

All

animals are equally complex

.