1 Objectives To identify the external anatomy of livestock species. - PowerPoint Presentation

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Objectives

To identify the external anatomy of livestock species.To analyze the functions of the external anatomy of livestock species.To compare the external anatomy of various livestock species.

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Table of Contents

Anatomical Terms of LocationExternal Components of LivestockLivestock External Anatomy Diagrams

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Anatomical Terms of Location

Is used to avoid ambiguities

Are universal terms readily understood

Are used to eliminate confusing, descriptive words such as “top and bottom”

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Anatomical Terms of Location

Includes:

dorsal ventral caudal cranial proximal distal

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Cranial

Is toward the head end of the body

Is located in or around the skull, or cranium, of the animal

Can also be known as the anterior

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Caudal

Is directed toward or situated near the tail of the body

Can also be known as the

posterior Comes from the Latin word “Cauda” meaning tail

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Ventral

Refers to the

belly

, or the underside, of the animal Is the opposite of dorsal Derives from the Latin word "Venter" meaning abdomen

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Dorsal

Is referred to as the

back

of the bodyIs the superior surface, or at the highest point, of most four legged animals Is referred to as “Dorsum,” the Latin word meaning the back

Farm Fact: Dorsal is sometimes called a trunk.

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Point of reference is usually the midline of the body.

Proximal

Refers to a structure nearest a major point

of reference

Can also be referred to as basalComes from the Latin word  “Proximus” meaning nearest

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Example:

The knee is proximal to the ankle.

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Distal

Is the opposite of

Proximal

Refers to the end farthest from a point of referenceDerives from the Latin “Distar” meaning to stand away from

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Example: The ankle is distal to the knee.

Point of reference is usually the midline of the body.

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Integumentary System

Is the structure which covers and protects the body

Also includes:

skin structure

hair

nails

Farm Fact: The skin is one of the first systems affected for sick animals.

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Hair

On an animal is known as fur or wool

On different mammals, can be thicker and more coarseThreadlike pigmented structures that grow from follicles beneath the skin of mammalsActs as an insulator and assists in regulating the temperature of the body

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Skin

Is the soft outer covering of an animal

Is the largest organ on the body

Is made up of two layers: epidermis dermis

Farm Fact: Pigs wallow in mud because they do not have sweat glands.

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Epidermis

Is the outer layer of cells which forms the skin

Acts as a physical barrier to water loss

Is formed by a division of cells, push other cells to the surface, die and are shedContains melanin, responsible for skin, fur and wool pigmentation

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Dermis

Is the underlying layer of the skin

Is used to regulate temperature

Supplies the epidermis with nutrient-saturated blood Houses the hair follicles, nerve endings and pressure receptors

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Keratin

Is a protein in the outer layer of the skin

Several types may be found in one animal

Is a chemical component of epidermal tissues,

such as:

hair hooves horns nails

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Horns

Are permanent projections which grow on the head

of various hoofed animalsConsist of a bone core, attached to the animals skull Include the following uses: fighting for dominance of territory mating and courtship defense

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Auricle

Is the external part of the ear

Can also be known as the pinna

Is used to collect and focus the sound toward the ear canalIs where an ear tag is attached

Ear Tag: A plastic or metal object used to identify the animal, prevent theft and control disease outbreaks in livestock.

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Nares

Refers to the two external openings of the nose which lead to the nasal cavity 

Are the location of air entry to and exit from the animals respiratory system

Can also be referred to as: nose muzzle nostril nasal

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Vibrissae

Are commonly known as whiskers

Are long or stiff hairs on the face or nostrils of an animal

Are possessed by many mammalian creatures including livestockDerived from the Latin word “Vibro” meaning to vibrateUsually employed for tactile or touch sensation

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Mammary Papilla

Can also be referred to as the

teat

Is located on both male and female mammals Is known as an udder in cows, sheep and goats Are the openings which lead to the mammary glands

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Grammar Box: The plural of hoof can be written eitherhooves or hoofs.

Hooves

Are the tips or the toes of an

ungulate   May be used for digging or in defenseOn livestock, except horses, are often called a cloven hoof because of the two main hoofs on each footAre sometimes accompanied by a smaller structured hoof farther up the leg known as a dewclaw

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Ungulate

: Is a mammal with hooves.

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Tail

Is a flexible appendage attached to the trunk

Can be used to brush away biting insects and fliesCan show social signaling and indicate an animal’s emotion Contains the Coccygeal Vertebrae

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Forehead

Cattle

Eye

Ear

Poll

Neck

Back or

Top

Loin

Hook or Hip

Rump

Pin Bone

Quarter

Hock

Pasterns

Rear Flank

Lower Forerib/Foreflank

Hoof

Forearm

Brisket

Point of Shoulder

Dewlap

Throat

Muzzle

Face

Shoulder

Top of

Shoulder

Elbow

Knee

Cannon

Dewclaw

Rib

Forerib

Tail Head

Stifle

Switch

Udder (cow, heifer)

Cod (steer)

Scrotum (bull)

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Pig

Snout

Eye

Ear

Neck

Shoulder

Rump

Tail

Ham

Stifle

Dewclaw

Rear

Flank

Underline

Side

Pastern

Jowl

Back or Loin

Knee

Foreflank

Elbow

Forearm

Cannon

Shoulder Blade

Hock

Sheath

Face

Jaw

Chest

Rib

Middle

Ham-Loin Junction

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Sheep

Poll or Cap

Forehead

Ear

Muzzle

Neck

Point of Shoulder

Breast

Forearm

Knee

Pastern/Ankle

Elbow

Flank

Hoof

Hock

Twist

Dock

Hind Saddle

Back/Top

Top of Shoulder

Rack

Loin

Rump

Shoulder

Ribs/Side

Forerib

Hip

Leg

Eye

Face

Cannon

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Goat

Bridge

of Nose

Neck

Withers

Loin

Rump

Tail

Thigh

Hock

Dewclaw

Pastern

Ear

Knee

Shoulder

Brisket

Muzzle

Stifle

Poll

Forehead

Beard

Throat

Chest

Forearm

Toe

Heel

Barrel

Flank

Scrotum

Hoof

Cannon

Pin Bone

Tail Head

Rack

Rib

Heart Girth

Horn

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Horse

Muzzle

Withers

Back

Loin

Point of Hip

Croup

Buttock

Hock

Cannon

Ankle

Pastern

Coronet

Gaskin

Stifle

Flank

Forearm

Knee

Throat latch

Fetlock

Chest

Poll

Forehead

Face

Bridge of

Nose

Neck

Point of Shoulder

Hoof

Shoulder

Barrel

Crest

Thigh

Elbow

Girth

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Assessment

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Assessment

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Assessment

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1. What is the name of the highest point on most four legged animals?

A. Distal

B. Caudal

C. Cranial

D. Dorsal

 

2. Where is the most common place to put a tag which identifies an animal?

A. Auricle

B. Nares

C. Skin

D. Vibrissae

 

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Assessment

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3. Which part of the skin houses the hair follicles?

A. Keratin

B. Caudal

C. Epidermis

D. Dermis

 

4. Keratin is NOT found in which of the following locations?

A. Hair

B. Hooves

C. Head

D. Tail

 

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Assessment

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5. Which of the following is NOT an anatomical term?

A. Ventral

B. Caudal

C. Cranial

D. Vibrissae

 

6. Which of the following terms is also know as Vibrissae?

A. Skin

B. Tail

C. Nails

D. Whiskers

 

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Assessment

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7. Which of the following is called the area toward the head of the body?

A. Cranial

B. Proximal

C. Distal

D. Dorsal

 

8. Which of the following is NOT contained within the integumentary system?

A. Skin

B. Hair

C. Eyes

D. Nares

 

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Assessment

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9. Which of the following terms is the Latin word for

tail

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A. Distar

B. Cauda

C. Venter

D. Proximus

 

10. Which external component can be used for defense?

A. Bone

B. Hair

C. Horns

D. Dewclaw

 

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SOURCES

Skin Anatomy. (2000, September 1). Retrieved March 10, 2010, from Healthcommunities.com: http://www.dermatologychannel.net/skinanatomy/index.shtml

Stanback, D. M. (n.d.). Exercise 6: Fetal Pig Anatomy. 1-27.

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SOURCES

Skin Anatomy. (2000, September 1). Retrieved March 10, 2010, from Healthcommunities.com: http://www.dermatologychannel.net/skinanatomy/index.shtml

Stanback, D. M. (n.d.). Exercise 6: Fetal Pig Anatomy. 1-27.

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Acknowledgements

Collaborator:

Kevin Williams, Ed.D.

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