Framing Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm by Robert M - PDF document

Framing: Toward Fractured Paradigm by Robert Entman, Northwestern lacks disciplinary sta- core knowledge, news report, include: Edelman, 1993; Entman Rojecki, 1993; Taylor, 1991; 1987; Zaller, casually, with much are common formal scholarly same. The goal common tendencies among the a more essentially involves more salient way as tion, causal interpretation, moral diagnose, evaluate, prescribe, a point thoroughly by Gamson “cold war” frame that frame highlighted certain foreign events-say, civil identified their offered moral judgments (atheistic aggression), other side). benefits, usually in terms the forces their effects; the problems and pre- dict their perform more than these four functions, although text may frame in any particular text may four functions. The cold war example also suggests that frames have at least communication process: the communicator, the culture. make conscious deciding what to say, guided by frames, which the presence thematically reinforcing clusters frames that communicator. The as the locations includes causation, evaluation, Frames highlight thereby elevating The word tion more probability that receivers discern meaning thus process can make culturally familiar a single nnillustrated the same token, for receivers notice, interpret, their existing categories, scripts, Because salience the text, not guarantee their influence most widely cited re- cent example the power the way while omitting authors asked experimental the outbreak alternative programs have beenproposed. Assume that one-thirdprobability that will be next experiment, offered, but framed in likely lives probability that a two-thirds probability that percentages choosing the reversed by framing. Program twin Program while the identical Program B and how they understand problem, as they evaluate The notion a universal experiments demonstrate that frames select that frames simultaneously direct attention away what they well as explanations, evalua- the audience. the features a situation: Edelman highlights character, causes, are made world is responses are they perceive in framing: values differentially, . . a majority civil liberties considerations-and supports . . . health considerations. question supplies the considera- tions they Often a potential counterframing from a audience member with a public health terms. Political News while obscuring elements, which lead audiences support are with journalists over news in this plays a frame in a interests that dominate the texts exhibit another. Thus, Iraq, there was elites not argue for such options as included only now or definitions, causal selected remedies, by elites, coverage offered self-reinforcing. During the pre-war transcending the frame (war for sanctions) breached the acceptable discourse, standards, such press). Unpublicized, could gain few adherents opinion, which for Iraqi that a exert great in a use another that target the communicator stand what the Thus the power as that illuminate many empirical controversies, most because the concept text exerts power. The example explored here common understanding here as that informs most the operation any par- framing paradigm plied with the study social psychology; race research few. Here benefit from definition for audience independence (Fiske, 1987). From a framing perspective, dominant meaning con- the problem, treatment interpretations highest probability being noticed, processed, and accepted particular framing situation that common audience paradigm cautions researchers not the message and show how dominant meaning. text frame mutually reinforcing ways that the evidence suggests that the audience message con- such counterframing, researchers that real-world the message, that this reframing not a the research can lead the suggestive interview (Budd, Entman, plicitly in the text, retrieve from a causal or cure completely absent what pro- among others, people are not general- that framing influences their communications, although Gamson describes conditions mitigate this Journalists may follow text that from making a because they frequently allow Audience autonomy. The concept facts, forge linkages not a Fractured Paradigm dominant frames understand the ence between scattered oppositional challenging a makes equally This task require a sophisticated role for resulting in what the major task describe frames; informed by a messages they dominant meanings. They neglect measure the gauge the messages-the frames-to by a analysis may data that misrep- that most actually pick- democratic theory. In Zaller’s the democratic what “public frame, according a different theory, along with that raise radical true public be? How can sincere democratic representatives framing effects? there are three and one cent approval, the others the option percent support response because cyclical majority which makes options mathe- impossible. Just important, attempting would require agreement among con- not solve, central puzzles normative democratic theory. the concept inquiry that a book-length essay. The present strained by limitations, offers a preliminary C. (1990). Contestable categories (in press). news before Paletz (Eds.), the Gulf War. Free Press Chicago Press Framing analysis: approach to news ofpolitical manzpulation. New Haven: Ideology, frame Movement Research, Free Press.