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REACTION TIME REACTION TIME

REACTION TIME - PowerPoint Presentation

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REACTION TIME - PPT Presentation

Learning objectives understand the nature of response time reaction time and movement time understand the role of working memory in choice reaction time break reaction time down into its component parts ID: 561491

stimulus time reaction response time stimulus response reaction motor stimuli blue button movement sign faster understand illuminated nature preparation

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Presentation Transcript

Slide1

REACTION TIMESlide2

Learning objectives

understand the nature of response time, reaction time and movement time

understand

the role of working memory in choice reaction time

break

reaction time down into its component parts

understand

the nature of the Hick-Hyman Law

understand

the role and effect of probability on choice reaction time

understand

the nature of the psychological refractory

period

be aware of some of the factors affecting reaction timeSlide3

Response time

Response time

is the time from the

introduction of a stimulus to the completion of the action required to deal with the

problem

It is made up of

reaction time plus movement time

Reaction time

is

the

time from the

presentation of a stimulus to the beginning of an overt response

Movement time

is

the

time taken to

carry out the motor aspects of the performanceSlide4

Response time

STIMULUS

END OF RESPONSE

RESPONSE TIME

BEGINNING OF RESPONSE

REACTION TIME

MOVEMENT TIMESlide5

Reaction time subdivisions

Reception time

Time for information to pass from peripheral senses to sensory cortices

Opto-motor integration time

, which consists of

stimulus identification

stimulus evaluationmotor preparation (preparing the movement to be undertaken)

Motor outflow timeTransmission of information from the premotor cortex to the musclesOpto-motor integration time is responsible for almost all inter- and intraindividual differences Slide6

Inter- and intraindividual differences

Simple reaction time

(one stimulus and one predetermined response) is faster than

choice reaction time

(

several stimuli and a different response for each

stimulus)With simple RT, stimulus evaluation and motor preparation can take place before stimulus presentationHick-Hyman Law

As the number of stimulus-response couplings are doubled, RT is increasedIf RT is plotted against the log of the stimulus-response couplings there is a linear increaseEach time RT increases by about 150 msSlide7

Probability and reaction time

If a stimulus is likely to occur 90% or 80% of the time it is reacted to faster than when it is likely to occur 50% of the time

Possible reasons:

We focus on most likely stimulus (Alain

and

Proteau

, 1980) We prepare most likely response (Dillon

et al., 1989) Slide8

Psychological refractory period

When 2 stimuli are presented close together RT to

S2

is

slower

than normal RT

The brain can only deal with 1 stimulus at a timeS2 only begins to be processed during movement time to

S1Slide9

S2

S1

R1

R2

PRP

S1

stimulus 1

S2 stimulus 2

R1

response 1

R2

response 2

PRP

psychological refractory period

If

S2

is presented <50 ms after

S1

the two stimuli can be treated as one.

Practice can

not

eliminate

PRP

but can lessen the effect .Slide10

Stimulus and response factors

Stimulus strength

stronger stimuli elicit quicker RT

Stimulus familiarity

we react faster to stimuli with which we are familiar

Sensory modality

auditory stimuli elicit the fastest reaction times

visual – slowed by time taken to transduce light waves to nerve impulses (electric)tactile - depends on where the stimulus is appliedPsychological setSensory set (focusing on stimulus identification and evaluation) is faster than motor set (focusing on motor preparation)Slide11

Foreperiods

Foreperiod

is the time from the warning signal to the presentation of the stimulus (set then bang in a 100 m race)

Constant

foreperiods result in very

fast

RTShort foreperiods result in slow

RTperson has little time to prepare a responseLong foreperiods result in slow RTindividual can not maintain attention and/or physical readinessSlide12

Response complexity

The

more complex

the response the

slower

the RT

Motor preparation takes longer

Stimulus illuminated

When the participant sees that the yellow sign is illuminated, he/she must move their finger from the red button directly to the black (Task 1) or to the black button via the green buttons (Task 2). RT is measured from the

illumination of the yellow sign to the lifting of the finger from the red button

. RT will be longer for Task 2,

even though that initial part is the same in Tasks 1 and 2

.Slide13

Response compatibility

If the

stimulus and response are compatible, RT is faster than when they are incompatible

Compatible situation. The blue sign is illuminated, therefore the person has to press the blue button which is on the same side as the blue sign.

Non-compatible situation. Again the blue sign is illuminated, therefore the person has to press the blue button but it is on the opposite side to the blue button. RT will be slower than in the compatible situation.Slide14

Development and reaction time

RT improves steadily from birth to about 17 years

It plateaus

until about 20 years

Then begins to deteriorate

a slow deterioration and nonlinear in

natureincreases post-50 years are probably due to decreases in brain blood flow and cell loss particularly in the prefrontal cortex

reception times can be affected by decline of the senses