Schools of Thought in Psychology - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Schools of Thought in Psychology

HSBSlide2

Like all social sciences, psychology has been divided into a number of schools of thought.

Psychoanalytic

Behaviourism

Learning DevelopmentSlide3

Sigmund Freud: founder of psychoanalytic theory

B

elieved

that our early childhood

experiences are

stored in our unconscious mind Although we are normally unaware of these memories, they have a powerful influence on the way we function. These early relationships and/or experiences may have given us a general sense of frustration that has stayed with us throughout our lives. If we lived with a general sense of frustration, our behavior may become neurotic, or abnormal, usually connective with anxiety or obsessiveness. believe that criminal behavior is caused by frustration stemming from early childhood experiences. Slide4

Psychoanalytic Theory

(1890s

-

1930s)

A theory that the mind is divided into the conscious and unconscious mind and that the unconscious mind can be unlocked through dream analysis and hypnosis The MindThe mind is divided into two parts:The conscious (the part that we are aware of)The unconscious (the part we are not aware of). The unconscious mind has more influence than the conscious mind on our personality and behaviour.Slide5

The Unconscious

The unconscious is divided into three parts:

The id –pleasure principle

The ego-Reality principle

The superego- Morality principle

Personality development and individual behaviour are governed by how the three parts of the unconscious interactSlide6

Dreams

Using

dream analysis and hypnosis, Freud and his followers attempted to unlock the unconscious mind and plunge deep-seated frustrations.

They

developed techniques to identify memories stored in the unconscious mind and to interpret their effect on the patient’s

behaviour. Psychoanalytic theorists believe treating the unconscious mind can alleviate

neurosis

. Slide7

Freud believes that

individual sexual satisfaction or frustration was the key element in personality development.Slide8

Talk Therapy

The

techniques of psychoanalytic theory have been highly influential in psychology. They emphasize individual counseling to explore and explain an individual’s underlying self.

Talk Therapy Slide9

Behaviourism

(1910s-1950s)

Behaviourists

, like psychoanalysts, believe that psychologists can

predict, control and even modify human behaviours by identifying the factors that motivate it in the first place. Behaviourists placed particular stress on the early childhood years, and the rules or practices parents use to raise their children.

They

believe child-

rearing (parenting) methods

have a huge influence on the character of individuals even into adulthood.

T

he

learner is viewed as passively adapting to their environment. Slide10

Stimulus-Response

Effect

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)

Conducted experiments with dogs to show that it was possible to get a dog to associate the sound of a bell with the arrival of food. Showed that pigeons could be trained to peck at a particular coloured disk to get a food reward. Rats received food rewards for pressing a bar in a complicated sequence.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

FMJJpbRx_O8

(1.56)

Behaviourism

Slide11

These

experiments proved that learning was a stimulus-response effect.

If

the subject is correctly stimulated it will give the appropriate responses

.

Rewards Versus Punishment Slide12

Famous

Behaviourist

Practitioners

John b. Watson

founder

of behaviourismStudy: used animal experiments to determine whether strict or flexible learning patterns are more effective. Famous experiment was Baby Albert –learned fears. concluded: children should be brought up using a “scientific” strictly scheduled rules-based model. Benjamin Spock Recommended an opposite approach to child-raringpermissive approach to child-raring, rather than a strict one, would result in successful, well adjusted adults. He encouraged parents to be loving, flexible, and supportive.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrPQE

(2:36

) Slide13

The

underlying theory of both approaches:

Correct

child-raring methods will result in well adjusted

adults

Criticism: Watson and Spock both ignored the influence of heredity in human development.Today: Later theorists concluded that every child is unique and the methods used in children’s upbringing should be tailored to meet individual needs. Slide14

Learning Theory/Cognitive Psychology

B

road

school of thought.

B

elief that humans are born with little instinct but much learning potential. Believe that most human behaviour is learned, especially in childhood and youth. By controlling the way in which humans learn behaviour, society can have a great influence on

the personalities of people in society.

Child Development Theorists

http

://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

15HncOVohTo

(3:25) Slide15

Alfred Bandura

(1925)

Showed that

learning is more complicated than a mere stimulus-response effect.

E

xperiment: young children were shown films of people hitting or petting a balloon-like doll painted like a clown, called Bobo. The children were then placed alone in the room with Bobo, where they were monitored through a one-way glass. Findings: the children behaviour closely resembled what they had seen in the film. Conclusions: learning is largely a modeling experience. When humans observe behaviour

(either acceptable or unacceptable) they are more likely to practice it.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

hHHdovKHDNU

(1.27)Slide16

Learning theory has many different approaches and views of learning.

Arguments exists on whether learning consists of one or a few elements, or a complicated interplay of a large number of factors.