From Republic to Empire By the 1 st Century BC The Roman Republic was in trouble It did not survive the great changes that took place Political power broke down Riots to restore power to Tribunes ID: 779065
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Slide1
Rome & Christianity
Chapter 11
Slide2From Republic to Empire
By the 1
st
Century BC – The Roman Republic was in trouble
It did not survive the great changes that took place Political power broke down. Riots to restore power to TribunesLarge increase in population in the city
Slide3Calls for Change
Cicero
: philosopher, politician, gifted orator & writer
Called for upper class Romans to work together
Limit the power of generalsMore support to Senate – restore checks & balancesRome did not take his advice
Slide4Caesar’s Rise to Power
Julius Caesar
was a great general with the respect of the people & his troops
58-50BC – He conquered all of Gaul (France today)
He became a key figure in politics due to his successes. Caesar – Pompey
–
Crassus
became powerful friends
Together the 3 ruled Rome
Slide5Challenges to Caesar
The partnership lasted about 10 years
His friends became jealous of Caesar after Gaul
The Senate ordered Caesar to give up command of his armies
He refused & led his troops back to Rome (Crossing the Rubicon)
Pompey & his allies fled Italy. Caesar pursued them for a year.
Pompey & his army were defeated in Greece in 48 BC.
Caesar made himself Emperor for life
March 15, 44 BC – Group of Senators stabbed Caesar to death in the Senate.
Slide6The End of the Republic
After Caesar’s assassination, two leaders emerged to control Rome:
Marc Antony
– former assistant of Caesar
Octavian – Caesar’s adopted son – later called Augustus
The men who killed Caesar had to run for their lives.
Marc Antony delivered a famous speech that turned more Romans against the killers.
The murderers were found in Greece. They were defeated in battle and those who lived – committed suicide.
Slide7Octavian Becomes Emperor
40BC – Marc Antony married Octavia – sister of Octavian
He later divorced her & married Cleopatra
Octavian was insulted & a civil war started
31 BC – Octavian sent a fleet to attack Antony – Battle of ActiumAntony lost. He & Cleopatra committed suicide.
Slide8Caesar Augustus
Octavian became Rome’s sole ruler
27 BC – He announced he was giving up power to the Senate, but did not
Senate gave him a new name -> Augustus- “revered one”
Naming of Augustus -> end of the Republic -> beginning of Empire
Slide9The Empire Grows
Rome conquered new territory. Expanded trade
First 200 years -> peace & prosperity ->
Pax
Romana->until AD 180sCitizenship expanded to free people living anywhere in the Empire
Slide10Roman Accomplishments
Romans were practical in their study:
Stars -> Calendar
Plants -> Crops
Animals -> Better meatMedicine -> healthNew Materials for building -> ConcreteRoads -> Layered
Arch -> strength
Law-> Civil Law
Slide11Religious Tolerance & Conflict
Romans allowed conquered people to keep their own religious beliefs
Sometimes the Romans even adopted the beliefs of others: The Greek Gods became the main Roman Gods. So did some Egyptian Gods.
The only time Rome banned a religion is when they considered it a political problem ->
Judaism
Slide12Clashes with the Jews
Romans did not attempt to ban Judaism in the Empire
The Jews could practice their religion
The Jews created political conflict by rebelling against Roman rule.
Large Rebellion -> AD 66-70 /Taxed heavily/ Treated harshlySiege of Jerusalem -> AD 70. Second Temple Destroyed. Many killed. Others taken as slaves.
Emperor Hadrian prohibited Jewish rituals
The Jews rebelled and Jerusalem was completely destroyed by Rome in AD135
Jews were forced to leave & Romans built a new city bringing in settlers from other areas naming the new area Syria
Palaestinia
.
Slide13A New Religion
End of the first century BC – Many Jews are looking for a Messiah to save them from Roman oppression
According to prophecy – he would be a descendant of King David.
Jesus of Nazareth was born around 1
st Century AD.Most of what we know about him is contained in
the New Testament of the Christian Bible.
Slide14The Christian Bible
Old Testament
: same as Hebrew Bible, telling the history & ideas of the Hebrews
New Testament
: Accounts of the life & teachings of Jesus, and the early history of Christianity
Slide15The Birth of Jesus
Born in a town called Bethlehem, & grew up in Nazareth
Birth marks the shift from BC to AD
His mother was Mary – married to a carpenter named Joseph
Christians believe that God, not Joseph, was his father
Slide16The Teachings of Jesus
Jesus emphasized two rules: Love God & Love others
Be generous to the poor
Pray for your enemies
Salvation : rescue from sin - Repent (turn around) Apostles taught that salvation from sin Is only found by receiving forgiveness
by just believing that He will forgive
FAITH
Slide17Crucifixion & Resurrection
Jesus’s teachings challenged the authority of Jewish leaders and Roman politics
He was arrested around AD 30 and crucified
According the New Testament – He rose from the dead on the third day after he was buried.
Many claimed to see him.He was called the Christ – from the Greek –
Christos (Messiah)
Slide18The Spread of Christianity
12 Apostles
– special disciples with whom Jesus gave special time & instructions.
They traveled widely after his death.
Judas Iscariot was replaced with Saul (Paul) of TarsusSome of them wrote part of the New TestamentFour Gospels:
Matthew, Mark, Luke, John
-tell of Jesus’s life & works on earth
Slide19Paul of Tarsus
Paul of Tarsus
: one of the most important figures in the writing of the New Testament & the spread of Christianity
Stressed –
Salvation by faith in Jesus’s sacrifice – not by good works.“Fruits” of Salvation are evidence you are a Christian: love, joy, peace, gentleness, longsuffering (patience), temperance (self-control)
His teachings helped Jewish Christians break away from Judaism
Slide20Persecution
Within a 100 years of Jesus’s crucifixion, thousands of Christians lived in the Roman Empire.
Some Roman Emperors, fearing insurrection, banned Christianity
Christians began to meet in secret - >
Catacombs -> tunnels
Slide21Early Church
Constantine
: Emperor of Rome – early AD 300s
Became a Christian. Removed ban on Christianity.
Christianity became Rome’s official religion
Slide22Organization
Bishops: Local leaders in Christian communities
Eucharist: Central ceremony to honor the Last Supper of Jesus where Christians eat bread & drink wine to remind them of his death.
Bishop of Rome –> POPE
- becomes more and more honored through time & powerful. Develops into the Organization known
as the Holy Roman Catholic Church.
Slide23Problems in the Empire
There were several causes of Rome’s Decline by the end of the 200s:
Vast size of the Empire – hard to govern
Germanic people moved in from the North & governed themselves
Disease killed many people
Emperor Diocletian divided the Empire into East & West
Slide24More Causes for Decline
Emperor Constantine moved power to the East to Constantinople. Rome is no longer the center of power. Christianity becomes legal
Visagoths
marched into Rome and destroyed the city in AD410. This was the first attack on Rome in over 800 years.
Other groups also attacked in the West. Attila the Hun attacked in the East.
AD 476 – Foreign general overthrew the last Emperor in Rome in the West & named himself King of Italy.
This event marked the end of the Western Roman Empire.
Slide25Internal Reasons for Decline
Social Change: growth of Christianity caused people to be less loyal to the Old Roman Empire
Political Corruption & decay of Moral Values
Decrease in Rome’s population – Schools close.
High Taxes – people poor
Slide26Essential Question
What factors led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire? Create a Word Web around “Fall of the Western Roman Empire”
Slide27Bell Ringer January 28, 2016
Biography Page 364 – Justinian & Theodora
Which of Justinian and Theodora’s accomplishments are most impressive?
Reuniting the Roman Empire & simplifying law to
make it fair for all.
Slide28The Byzantine Empire
Even before the western Roman Empire fell in AD 476 – power had begun to shift to the richer, more stable east.
Byzantine Empire capital:
Constantinople
– controlled trade between Europe & AsiaRulers of the East always dreamed of taking back the West
Slide29Justinian & Theodora
Justinian – ruled 527-565. Theodora his wife ruled with him.
Army reconquered Italy & land around the Mediterranean
Strengthened the system of law – Justinian’s Code
Parts of it still affect life todayByzantines remained a major power through the early 1000s but eventually began to decline.
Different cultures moved in due to
trade and influenced culture
1453 – Constantinople was captured by
the Ottoman Turks
Slide30Culture & Achievements
Christianity
was the central power in Byzantine Empire
There were differences between the East & the West
East: Priest could marry. West: They could not marry
East
: Spoke Greek
West
: Spoke Latin
East
–
Eastern Orthodox Church
West
:
Roman Catholic
ART
: Mosaics – religious themed.
Tiles with Gold to glitter.
Hagia
Sophia
– Church built by Justinian.
Slide31Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Slide32Essential Question
Why did the Byzantine Empire decline and fall?
It shrank over time because invaders took over land
Eventually – the Ottoman Turks took over Constantinople in 1453
Slide33Chapter 11 – Rome & Christianity Review
1. Who went after Julius Caesar’s killers after his death?
Octavian
2. How did the Romans make travel easier for their armies?
By building roads
3. What language spread through the Roman Empire due to Rome doing business in this language?
Latin
4. What did Rome do to the Jews, hoping they would abandon their religion?
Banned certain Jewish rituals
Slide34How did Jesus spread his ideas?
By traveling and teaching
6. Name a few reasons that Rome fell
Disease, Taxes, Corruption
7. Why did the Romans take such interest in science & engineering?
To improve life, practically
8. Why did the Jews rebel against Roman rule?
The Romans were polytheistic & had occupied the Jews’ homeland of Judea
Slide359. Why did Rome sometimes have a shortage of farmers?
Military Battles
10. By the end of the AD100s, what did Roman Emperors do because the Empire had become too big to govern?
Gave up land they had conquered
11. How did the Romans try to prevent the Goths from attacking Rome?
By paying them to not attack
12. In AD532, who helped the Emperor Justinian put an end to uprising?
Theodora
Slide3613. What is the historical date for Jesus’s birth & his death & Resurrection?
No one knows for sure
14. Who conquered all of Gaul between 58 – 50 BC?
Julius Caesar
15. What effect did arches have on Roman architecture?
Made them strong & lasting
16. Who does the New Testament teach is the Savior of the World?
Jesus
Slide3717. Constantinople was the capital of
Eastern Empire
18. What language was spoken in the Byzantine Empire?
Greek
19. What title did Caesar give himself?
Emperor of Rome
20. Did the Romans allow conquered people to keep their religion?
Yes
Slide3821. Christianity first spread among what people?
Jews
22. What did believing in the resurrection of Jesus prove to Christians?
That he was the Messiah
23. By the end of AD 100s – where did the threats to the Roman Empire come from?
Inside and outside the Empire
Slide39Orator
:
Public Speaker
Provinces
: outlying areas of Roman landMessiah:
God’s chosen one – (Hebrew)
Martyr
:
Person who dies for religious beliefs
Corruption:
The decay of people’s values
Civil Law
:
legal system based on written code
Ovid
:
Roman Poet
Christianity:
1
st
Century religion began in Judea
Disciple
:
one who follows the teachings of another
Persecution:
Punishment due to one’s beliefs