Reaching Out: Expanding Horizons of Cross Cultural Interaction - PowerPoint Presentation

Reaching Out: Expanding Horizons of Cross Cultural Interaction CH. 21

I. Long Distance Trade and Travel

Trade went 2 ways: Luxury goods of high value r elative to weight (stones, silk) went through Silk Roads. Bulkier commodities (steel, stone) by sea lanes. Trading ports and cities grew rapidly . Melaka known as the principal trading route in the Easter Indian Ocean Marco Polo Venetian, Traveled for the Mongols, well likedDiplomatic missionsInfluenced European readers becausethe mention of goods in his travels.European merchants wanted to take part Trading Cities PATTERNS OF LONG DISTANCE TRADE What can you tell me about Melaka? (1) Why was Marco Polo important? (3)

Political and Diplomatic Travel Both Mongols and Christians attacked the Muslims. Pope Innocent IV invites Mongols to convert and join Decline invite Christians to do the same, they use Rabban Sauma to help them, unsuccessfulDIPLOMATIC AFFAIRS ARE COMPLEX IN THE EAST Ibn BattutaMuslim travelerWell liked where he wentEducated in legal matters and madeit able for him to find gov’t positions wherehe went Guided newly converted areas of Islam Mongol-Christian Diplomacy & Rabban Sauma Why was Rabban Sauma Important? (4) Why was Ibn Battuta Important? (5)

Sufi Missionaries Helped to spread Islam Did not force strict doctrine Emphasized piety & devotion Being flexible led to less resistance Christian Missionaries In the East many Christians attempted to convert. Sought to convert Mongols and ChineseExpatriate communitiesfrom Europe created a demandfor Roman Catholic Services John of Montecorvino Italian Franciscan missionary Active in China Tried to est. Christianity in China Attracted few Geography hurt Roman Catholic conversion so did other already established religions Missionary Campaigns What was Sufis approach to Islam? (6) What can you tell me about Christianity in China? (7)

Long distance travel of all kinds encouraged exchanges of all Societies Exchanges include but not limited to: science, agriculture, technology, poetry etc. ALL THIS PROMOTED CULTURALDIFFUSION Muslims introduced citrus fruits in sub- Saharan AfricaCotton in W. AfricaDiffused sugarcaneto SW Asia, N Africa andEuropeSugarcane would helplead to slave labor & plantations Mongols helpedspread gunpowder from east to west Cultural ExchangesMuslims Gunpowder Technologies Long Distance Travel and Cross Cultural Exchanges What did diffusion of new crops and gun powder technology do? (9)

II. CRISIS AND RECOVERY

1300 global climate change Temperatures cooled Agriculture declined Originated and spread from China (Yunnan) 1300s Mongols/merchants spread the disease west Areas that DID NOT see the plague: Northernmost parts of Europe, India, & sub-Saharanafrica Little Ice Age Origins and Spread of Bubonic Plague Disrupted societies & economies in Europe, & N. Africa Urban workers wanted higher wages Political authorities froze wages Lords wanted reinstate serfdom Social & Economic Effects Bubonic Plague Effects of Bubonic Plague. (10) Areas Bubonic Plague did not reach. (11)

Recovery in China: The Ming Dynasty Yuan dynasty falls, Mongols leave Hongwu emperor of Ming Dynasty Orphaned, moved through military Went back to traditional Chinese models Confucian school & civil service examEnhanced authorityof central gov’t Mandarins=officialsas emmisariesEunuchs=could notbuild families or powerbasesGave absolute Obediance to policiesand initiatives of gov’t Economic Recovery & Cultural Revival Rebuilt irrigation systems Lacquerware , silk, cotton No trade w/other lands Got rid of any signs of Mongol rule Hongwu & Ming Centralization Eunuchs & Mandarins What did Hongwu do? (12) What does Ming Mean? (13) Who were the Mandarins? (14) What were successes of Ming dynasty emperors? (15)

Regional states held p olitical authority Western Europe grew s tronger societies and monarchiesMajor cities: Milan, Florence & Venice Hundred Years War Fought over landintermittently Levied taxes and assembledarmies Central gov’t overpowerednobility In Spain Ferdinand andIsabel united wealthiestIberian realmsReconquista in SpainIn Russia Ivan III endedtribute to Mongols Est. its own principality and origin in MuscovyEst. strong central gov’tTaxes, Armies & Italian States France & England Spain & Russia Recovery in Europe: State Building Discuss the Hundred Years War(16) What states were involved in Hundred Years War? (17) Discuss the Power of Spain. (18) What did Grand Prince Ivan the III do? (20)

1300-1500s Inspiration from Classical Greece and Rome Represented human f orm and emotionArchitecture domedbuildings Humanists interested in humanities: history, literature, philosophyInspired by classicalGreece and RomeMorally virtuous life could be led in a actively urban world Renaissance Art & Architecture Humanist and Moral Thought Recovery in Europe: The Renaissance What is the Renaissance? (21) Who were Humanists? (22) What was Humanists moral thought? (23)

III. Exploration and Colonization III. Exploration and Colonization

Eunuch admiral led m any expeditions Naval expeditions to i mpose presence in Indian Ocean2 purposes: Impose imperial control over foreigntrade w/ China and impresspeople with power & might of Ming DynastyDispensed gifts and receivedgifts Zheng He tried diplomacyto reach goalsIf he had he would imposeChinese might7 expeditions succeeded inestablishing Chinese might inthe Indian Ocean Basin 1430s Ming emperorsend expeditionsConfucian ministers feltexpense could be better usedfor agriculture Treasure ships decommissionedand Chinese would forget how to create these large vesselsShowed political, economicand military influence in IndianOcean Basin Zheng He’s Expeditions Chinese Naval Power End of Voyages Chinese Reconnaissance of the Indian Ocean Basin Reasons for sailing expeditions in Ming Dynasty? (24) Who was Zheng He And what did he do? (25)

First in Atlantic exploration First to try to find new routes t o Asian markets through Indian Ocean Prince Henry the Navigator wanted to spread Christianity &increase Portuguese influencein the seas Portuguese colonize in the Atlantic and along the West African coast Portuguese always hadtraded guns/manufactureditems for slaves As colonization increasedso did the volume of tradein slavesOften went to colonized plantationsOther explorers soughtnew routes to Asian silk & spicesDidn’t want to deal w/i ntermediaries Explorers: Bartolomeau Dias & Vasco de Gama Believed you can sailWest to reach Asian markets Ferdinand & Isabelunderwrite his campaign1492 sets sailHim and his crew land in Bahamas , insisted he reached land near Asia(FALSE) Showed there was a different world apart from Europe, Asia and Africa Portuguese Exploration & Colonization of Atlantic Slave Trade & Indian Ocean Trade Christopher Columbus European Exploration in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans What can you tell me about Portuguese mariners? (26) Discuss the Slave trade. (27) Discuss Christopher Columbus. (28)