1929-1939 - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

1929-1939

THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE NEW DEALSlide2

THE GREAT DEPRESSION CHAPTER FOURTEENSlide3

THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND NEW DEAL OBJECTIVE

understand the causes and consequences of the Great Depression

understand the impact of FDR’s New Deal legislations on the American nationSlide4

CHAPTERS IN BRIEF -

OVERVIEW

The economic boom of the 1920s collapses in 1929 as the United States enters a deep economic depression. Millions of Americans lose their jobs, and President Hoover is unable to end the downslide.Slide5

THE NATION’S SICK ECONOMY

CHAPTER 14 – SECTION 1Slide6

CHAPTERS IN BRIEF

Although the economy of the 1920s boomed, trouble lurked beneath the surface. The textile, steel, and railroad industries were barely profitable. Mining and lumbering were in decline. In the late 1920s, the auto, construction, and consumer goods industries faltered. The biggest problem, though, was in agriculture. Wartime demand for food dropped, and farmers suffered. Unable to make mortgage payments, many lost their land. Congress tried to help farmers by passing laws that would boost food prices, but President Calvin Coolidge vetoed them.

Farmers, short on money, bought fewer goods. That trend, combined with the consumer debt load, cut consumer spending. Consumer spending was also hurt by low incomes. These problems were not completely evident in the 1928 presidential election. Republican Herbert Hoover, pointing to years of prosperity under presidents Harding and Coolidge, won the election over Democrat Alfred Smith.Slide7

CHAPTERS IN BRIEF

Meanwhile, the stock market continued its amazing rise. People bought stocks, hoping to become rich. Many bought on margin, borrowing against future profits to pay for stocks today. If prices did not rise, though, there would be trouble. Stock prices began a decline in September of 1929. On October 29, known as Black Tuesday, they plunged sharply. More than 16 million shares of stock were sold that day until no more willing buyers could be found. By mid-November investors had lost more than $30 billion.

The Depression spread around the world. The drop in consumer demand in the United States cut European exports, hurting their economies. Also, Congress passed a high tariff to reduce imports. They hoped to protect American industry, but

instead cut the demand for American exports. President Hoover tried to reassure Americans that the economy would right itself. Many people, panicking, pulled their money from banks. With so many withdrawals happening so suddenly, many

banks were forced to close. When the banks failed, other depositors lost their deposits. Businesses began to close as well, and millions of Americans lost their jobs. Unemployment had been 3 percent in 1929; by 1933, it was 25 percent. Those who

kept their jobs suffered pay cuts or reduced hours.Slide8

CHAPTERS IN BRIEF

The great stock market crash signaled the beginning of the Great Depression. It didn’t cause the Depression, but it hurried—and worsened—the economic collapse. The main causes of the Depression were a decrease in demand for

American goods overseas, farmers’ problems, the problem of easy credit, and the fact that too few people held too great a share of the nation’s wealth.Slide9

ECONOMIC TROUBLES ON THE HORIZON

as the 1920s went on, there were serious problems that threatened the prosperity of the decade

1. Industry

roads struggled to compete against new forms of transportation

the coal industry suffered against new forms of energy production

many other industries slowed down as well

2. Agricultural

post WWI, demands for crops went down

farmers boosted production, but this oversupply drove prices down

Congress tried to set price supports, but President Coolidge vetoed itSlide10

ECONOMIC TROUBLES ON THE HORIZON

3. Consumers Have Less Money To Spend

rising prices

stagnant wages

unbalanced distribution of income

overbuying on credit in previous years

4. Living on Credit

many Americans were living beyond their means

this led to large amounts of debt, and trouble paying those debts

5. Uneven Distribution of Income

rich get richer (+75% income)

poor get poorer (+9% income)Slide11

HOOVER TAKES THE NATION

President Hoover wins the election of 1928

with his promise of……..

“We in America are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before.”Slide12

HOOVER TAKES THE NATION

The Dow Jones Industrial Average

those who could afford to invested

the Dow Jones had gone up consistently throughout the 1920s

people wanted in on this “bull market”

Problems in the market:

Speculation

: buying stocks and bonds with the chance of a quick profit while ignoring the risks of doing so

Buying on margin

: paying a small percentage of a stock’s price and borrowing the rest

those buying tactics could destroy a person financially if stock prices went downSlide13

THE STOCK MARKET CRASHES

Stock prices peaked in early September 1929

prices then began to fall

caused a waver in confidence; some investors pull their money

on October 24

th

, the market took a plungeSlide14

THE STOCK MARKET CRASHES

Black Tuesday

On October 29

th

, 1929, the bottom fell out on the stock market

people frantically sold stocks before the prices could drop lower

16.4 MILLION shares were dumped in one day!

people who had bought on margin could not find buyers for their stocks, and were stuck with huge debts

by mid-November, investors had lost $30 billion (the amount it cost to fight WWI)Slide15

FINANCIAL COLLAPSE

the stock market crash triggered the beginning of the Great Depression

the crash did not cause the Great Depression, but it did make it more severeSlide16

FINANCIAL COLLAPSE

Banks and Business Failures

people panicked and withdrew their money from banks

many banks had lost their money in the stock market, and couldn’t give people their money

there was no government protection for people, so they lost their savings when their bank closed

unemployment went from 3% in 1929 to 25% in 1933Slide17

FINANCIAL COLLAPSE

Worldwide Shock Waves

the Great Depression made it harder to produce American goods to ship abroad

Protective tariffs were created to help U.S. business, but ended up making the situation worseSlide18

STOCK MARKET CRASH VIDEO

(10:05)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJpLMvgUXe8Slide19

**CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION

tariffs and war debt policies that cut down the foreign market for American goods

a crisis in the farm sector

the availability of easy credit

an unequal distribution of wealth **Slide20

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How did the economic trends of the 1920s help cause the Great Depression? Explain.

Answer the question in

three complete sentences

in your summary section.Slide21

Bell Ringer 1/24“The Negro was born in depression. It didn’t mean too much to him, The Great American Depression… the best he could be is a janitor or a porter or shoeshine boy. It only became official when it hit the white man.” Slide22

HARDSHIP AND SUFFERING DURING THE DEPRESSION

CHAPTER 14 – SECTION 2Slide23

CHAPTERS IN BRIEF

The Depression devastated many Americans. With no jobs, millions of people went hungry or homeless. Cities across the country were full of people who had been thrown out of their apartments or homes because they couldn’t meet housing payments. They slept under newspaper or built shantytowns. People stood in line to get food from soup kitchens set up by charities.

African Americans and Hispanic Americans living in the cities suffered greatly. Some suffered violence at the hands of angry whites who had lost their jobs. These groups had higher jobless rates; they also were given lower-paying jobs.

The Depression hurt people in rural areas, too, although farmers could at least grow food. Still, as food prices continued to fall, more and more farmers lost their farms from failure to meet mortgage payments. From 1929 to 1932, about 400,000 farmers

lost their land. To worsen matters, a long drought struck the Great Plains. Parched land could hold no crops. When powerful winds swept the plains, they blew the soil away in vast dust storms. An area known as the Dust Bowl was hardest hit. Many farmers packed up their belongings and moved to California to find work as migrant

farm workers.Slide24

CHAPTERS IN BRIEF

The Depression placed heavy pressures on the family. Many men felt ashamed because they had lost their jobs. Some abandoned their families. Women found work if they could, but they generally were paid less than men. Some people, too, argued that employers should hire men rather than women since they were seen as the primary support for a family.

Children suffered from poor diets and lack of health care. The number of children suffering illnesses due to lack of vitamins increased. Lacking money to continue, many school boards shut down schools or shortened the school year. Many children went to work to try to help their families survive. Others rode the railways in search of better lives.Slide25

THE DEPRESSION DEVASTATES PEOPLE’S LIVES

The Depression in the Cities

people lost their jobs, were evicted, and ended up homeless

some slept in the streets, others

built

shantytowns

Shantytowns

:

towns of shacks

made out of

whatever people

could find –

“Hoovervilles”

people went to soup kitchens and bread lines for food

racial tensions increased due to everyone competing for the same rare jobsSlide26

THE DEPRESSION DEVASTATES PEOPLE’S LIVES

The Depression in Rural Areas

thousands lost their farms to foreclosure,

and thusly could not feed their families

many farmers turned to tenant farming and barely scraped bySlide27

THE DEPRESSION DEVASTATES

PEOPLE’S LIVES

The Dust Bowl

a drought in the early 1930s wrecked havoc on the Great Plains

due to over farming, there was too much loose soil that could go airborne

when the rain stopped and the winds picked up, massive dust storms formed

Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado were worst hit.

many people fled West and were called “Okies”Slide28

HARDSHIP AND SUFFERING DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION

March 24, 1935

Dear Family,

Did some of you think that you had a dust storm? I’ll tell

you what it was. It was us shaking our bedding, carpets, etc.

For over a week we have been having troublesome times.

The dust is something fierce. Sometimes it lets up enough so

we can see around; even the sun may shine for a little time,

then we have a frenzied time of cleaning, anticipating the

comfort of clean feeling once more.Slide29

HARDSHIP AND SUFFERING DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION

We keep the doors and windows shut tight, with wet papers on

the sills. The tiny particles of dirt sift right through the walls. Two

different times it has been an inch thick on my kitchen floor.

Our faces look like coal miners’, our hair is gray and stiff with dirt

and we grind dirt in our teeth. We have to wash everything

before we eat it and make it as snappy as possible. Sometimes

there is a fog all through the house and all we can do about it is sit

on our dusty chairs and see that fog settle slowly and silently over

everything.

When we open the door, swirling whirlwinds of soil beat against us

unmercifully, and we are glad to go back inside and sit choking in

the dirt. We couldn’t see the streetlight just in front of the house.Slide30

HARDSHIP AND SUFFERING DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION

One early morning, I went out during a lull, and when I started to

return I couldn’t see the house. I knew the direction, so I kept on

coming, and was quite close before I could even see the outline. It

sure made me feel funny.

There has not been much school this week. It let up a little yesterday

and Fred went with the janitor and they carried dirt out of the church

by the scoopful. Four of them worked all afternoon. We were able to

have church this morning, but I think many stayed home to clean.

A lot of dirt is blowing now, but it’s not dangerous to be out in it. The

dirt is all loose, any little wind will stir it, and there will be no relief until

we get rain. If it doesn’t come soon there will be lots of suffering. If

we spit or blow our noses we get mud. We have quite a little trouble

with our chests. I understand a good many have pneumonia.Slide31

HARDSHIP AND SUFFERING DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION

As for gardens, we had ours plowed, but now we do not know

whether we have more or less soil. It’s useless to plant

anything.

GraceSlide32

DUST BOWL

(5:56)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guTek7ipD4USlide33

EFFECTS ON THE AMERICAN FAMILY

family unity played an important part in getting through tough times

many men had to leave their families in search

of work, became known as “hoboes”

there was next to no direct relief from the government for families

women kept the family together

some women worked, but this created resentment

from men

children faced serious health problems due to

a poor diet

many children also left school and went to work

many teenagers left home and hopped on the rails to find work elsewhereSlide34

SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS

the suicide rate rose by more than 30% between 1928 - 1932

three times as many people were admitted to mental hospitals

adults stopped going to doctor or dentist

students stopped going to college

others put off getting married, raising large families, or having kids

the Depression put financial security on people’s minds (their

minds on their money and their money on their minds)

many families and communities were strengthened

many people developed habits of savings and thriftinessSlide35

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Explain how the Depression affected men, women, and children.

Answer the question in

three complete sentences

in your summary section.Slide36

HOOVER STRUGGLES WITH THE GREAT DEPRESSION

CHAPTER 14 – SECTION 3Slide37

CHAPTERS IN BRIEF

Economic slowdowns happen with some frequency. President Hoover at first believed that the Depression was simply another slowdown that would end. Officials in his administration thought it best to do nothing and let the economy heal itself. Hoover believed government should take action, but be careful not to take too much power. Hoover thought that the government’s role should be to help different groups work together to improve the economy. He also believed that the government should encourage private groups to provide benefits—food and shelter—to the needy and jobless. He did not think that the government should provide direct aid to people, however.

Hoover met with bankers, business leaders, and labor leaders. He urged them to work together to revive the economy. Despite these efforts, the economic situation simply got worse. People expressed their frustration at the situation. Farmers destroyed some food or refused to work. People without homes began to call their shantytowns “Hoovervilles.”

Hoover did not change his principles and offer direct aid to the jobless and hungry. He did take steps to have a more active government role in the economy, however. He began a program of major public works, including building roads, bridges, and

dams, to provide jobs. He launched a program to try to raise food prices and urged bankers to join a credit organization that would shore up ailing smaller banks.Slide38

CHAPTERS IN BRIEF

By 1932, the economy had still not improved. Congress passed a law to lower the rates for home mortgages, hoping to spur the construction industry.

Hoover created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, aimed at funding projects that would create jobs. The RFC was a major change in policy,

but it came too late to help.

Hoover’s popularity plummeted even further in 1932 when World War I veterans came to Washington. They demanded early payment of the bonuses they had been promised. This Bonus Army began to live in tents near the Capitol building.

Hoover helped them, but after Congress voted down the bill they had requested, he told the veterans to leave. About 2,000 stayed, and Hoover

ordered the army to remove them. The sight of U.S. army troops gassing American citizens—including children—outraged many people. Hoover

faced the 1932 presidential campaign more unpopular than ever.Slide39

HOOVER TRIES TO REASSURE THE NATION

“Any lack of confidence in the economic future… is foolish”

Hoover believed that Americans should remain optimistic and continue business as usual

saw the Depression as part of the business cycle

believed that government could play a limited role in helping to solve problemsSlide40

HOOVER

’S PHILOSOPHY

put great faith in the power of reason

believed that government’s job was to foster cooperation between cooperating groups and interests in society

valued “rugged individualism”- Americans should succeed through their own efforts

did not support federal welfare

individuals, charities, and local organizations should help the poor

Hoover’s beliefs about helping the poor shocked and frustrated suffering AmericansSlide41

HOOVER TAKES CAUTIOUS STEPS

brought together key leaders from business banking and labor and tried

to have them find solutions to the Depression

asked employers not to cut wages

lay off workers

asked labor leaders not to demand

higher wages or strike

none of the steps taken did

much good

authorized the construction of the

Boulder (Hoover) Dam

provided water to cities on the West Coast

allowed California’s agricultural economy to growSlide42

BLAME SHIFTS TOWARDS HOOVER

AND THE REPUBLICANS

Democrats take advantage of anti-Hoover sentiments

take control of the House

knock Republican control of Senate down to one vote

Uprising by Farmers

burn crops and dump milk on roads instead of selling at a loss

farmers declare a “farm holiday” and refuse to work

block roads to keep crops from getting to market

Poking Fun at Hoover

Shantytowns become “Hoovervilles”

newspapers used as blankets became “Hoover Blankets”

empty pockets pulled out became “Hoover Flags”

even in the face of all this, Hoover held to his principlesSlide43

HOOVER TAKES ACTION

Backed cooperatives

Federal Farm Board

National Credit Corporation

Direct Intervention

Federal Home Loan Bank Act: Lowered mortgage rates for homeowners and allowed farmers to refinance their homes at a lower rate

Reconstruction Finance Corporation: authorized up to two billion dollars for emergency financing for banks, life insurance, railroads and other large businesses

showed Hoover’s softening stance on his position of government intervention in the economySlide44

DEALING WITH THE BONUS ARMY

in the spring of 1932, between 10 and 20 thousand WWI vets went to D.C. in hopes of helping to pass a bill that would have given them a bonus

the Patman Bill was supposed to pay the soldiers in 1945… they wanted their money in 1932

Hoover saw them as communists and criminals, but initially did allow them to protest

the Senate rejects the payout in June, and Hoover asked them to leave

on July 28

th

, the people who refused to leave were gassed by the Army, which led to the death of a baby and the blindness of an eight year old.

most Americans are shocked by the treatment of veterans Slide45

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Explain some of Hoover’s beliefs / philosophy about government.

Answer the question in

three complete sentences

in your summary section.Slide46

THE NEW DEAL

CHAPTER FIFTEENSlide47

CHAPTERS IN BRIEF -

OVERVIEW

President Roosevelt launches a program aiming to end the Depression. The Depression and his New Deal have profound effects.Slide48

A NEW DEAL FIGHTS THE GREAT DEPRESSION

CHAPTER 15 – SECTION 1Slide49

CHAPTERS IN BRIEF

In the 1932 election, Franklin Delano Roosevelt—or FDR—won a landslide victory, and Democrats took control of the House and Senate. His policies were called the New Deal. The first step was to reform banking: many were closing, causing panic. The new president tried to end the crisis by temporarily closing banks and passing a number of new laws. He reassured the nation in a radio “fireside chat” that explained his policies.

Roosevelt acted to help farmers and other workers. The Agricultural Adjustment Act raised food prices. Other agencies hired jobless workers for conservation or building projects. An agency was created to help the needy. The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) promoted industrial growth. The Tennessee Valley Authority brought flood control and electricity to a poor region. The president’s actions were attacked by liberals as not enough and by conservatives as too radical. When the Supreme Court overturned the NIRA and another New Deal law, Roosevelt proposed a plan to add his own justices to the Court. It failed.

Eventually the Court backed the New Deal, but the court scheme cost him support.Slide50

CHAPTERS IN BRIEF

Three critics of Roosevelt rose to prominence. Father Charles Coughlin blasted the president on his popular radio show. Dr. Francis Townsend proposed a national pension for the elderly. Huey Long, a politician from Louisiana, proclaimed a plan called “Share Our Wealth.”Slide51

AMERICANS GET A NEW DEAL

The Presidential Election of 1932

Republicans run Hoover knowing he has little shot at winning.

Democrats run Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Roosevelt won an overwhelming victory

23 million votes to Hoover’s 16 million

Democrats claimed a nearly two

thirds majority in the Senate

Democrats also controlled almost three-fourths of the House

the election showed Americans were ready for a change!Slide52

FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT

two term governor from New York

distant cousin of Teddy Roosevelt

had a “can do” attitude that attracted voters

was very compassionate

effective, reform minded leader

was partially paralyzed from the waist down due to polio

got polio at age 38

was not often photographed in his wheelchair

made a point of standing during his speeches

the media helped to hide his disability Slide53

WAITING FOR ROOSEVELT TO TAKE OVER

there were four months between Roosevelt’s election and inauguration (Hoover’s “lame duck” period)

Roosevelt formed his “Brain Trust”

carefully picked group of advisors

they began to formulate what we know as “The New Deal”Slide54

THE HUNDRED DAYS

lasted from March 9

th

to June 6

th

, 1933

during this period,

Congress passed more than 15 pieces of major New Deal legislations

that expanded government’s role in the nation’s economy

nn Roosevelt’s first day in office,

he persuaded Congress to pass

the Emergency Banking Relief Act,

which authorized the Treasury

Department to inspect the

nation’s banksSlide55

FIRESIDE CHATS

radio talks about issues of public concern given by President Roosevelt

Video: (5:04) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9CBpbuV3ok

first one explained why the nation’s welfare depended on public support of the government and the banking system

these fireside chats made Americans feel as if the president was talking directly to them

these chats helped to inspire hopeSlide56

A NEW DEAL FIGHTS THE

GREAT DEPRESSION

** The New Deal

Centered Around Three R’s

Relief

Recovery

Reform **Slide57

NEW DEAL LEGISLATION

Regulating Banking and Finance

Glass-Steagall Act

:

established the FDIC

(insured money)

Federal Securities Act

: required corporations to provide

complete information on all stock

offerings and made them liable for

any misrepresentations

Security and Exchange Commission

:

regulated the

(SEC)

stock marketSlide58

NEW DEAL LEGISLATION

Assistance for Rural Areas

Agricultural Adjustment Act

: sought to raise crop prices

(AAA) by lowering production by

paying farmers to leave

certain lands unseeded

Tennessee Valley Authority

: renovated existing dams

(TVA) and built new ones in the

Tennessee River Valley

provided electricity and

prevented flooding

Slide59

NEW DEAL LEGISLATION

Providing Work Projects

Civilian Conservation Corps

: put young men to work at a variety

(CCC) of construction jobs

National Industrial Recovery Act

: provided money to states to

(NIRA) create jobs chiefly in the

construction of schools and

community buildings

Civil Works Administration

: provided four million immediate jobs

(CWA)Slide60

NEW DEAL LEGISLATION

Promoting Fair Practices

National Recovery Administration

: set the prices of many products

(NRA) and established standards

Food, Clothing, and Shelter

Home Owners Loan Corporation

: provided government loans to

(HOLC) homeowners who faced

foreclosure

Federal Housing Administration

: furnished loans for home mortgages

(FHA)

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

: funded $500 million to

(FERA) directly relieve the needy

=

immediate change

Slide61

THE NEW DEAL COMES

UNDER ATTACK

**

Liberals were critical of the New Deal because they do not feel that it went far enough to help the poor and reform the nation’s economic system **

Conservatives said that Roosevelt spent too much on direct relief and that he controlled too much of business

the Supreme Court struck down the NIRA and AAA as unconstitutional

others believed the New Deal violated personal rights and property

still more are critical of the New Deal’s deficit spendingSlide62

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Which of the New Deal programs do consider the most important?

Justify.

Answer the question in

three complete sentences

in your summary section.Slide63

THE SECOND NEW DEAL TAKES HOLD

CHAPTER 15 – SECTION TWO Slide64

CHAPTERS IN BRIEF

The economy improved, but not enough. Buoyed by Democratic gains in Congress, Roosevelt launched the Second New Deal to provide additional relief to farmers and workers. Helping him maintain popularity was his wife, Eleanor. The president easily won re-election in 1936.

The Supreme Court had struck down the first New Deal act to help farmers. In the Second New Deal, Roosevelt won passage of new laws aimed at conserving soil, providing loans, and offering mortgage relief. A new agency, the Works Progress Administration (WPA), was started to fund projects that would create jobs. Between 1935 and 1943, it gave jobs to more than 8 million people. They built public buildings, made clothes and constructed or repaired 651,000 miles of roads and streets. The Second New Deal tried to help workers by setting a national minimum wage, limiting the work week, and requiring employers to pay overtime. The Wagner Act recognized workers’ right to organize unions.Slide65

CHAPTERS IN BRIEF

The Second New Deal also set up the social security system. It made payments to retirees, disabled workers, the unemployed, and families with dependent children. Finally, the Second New Deal included the Rural Electrification Administration. It provided more electrical power in rural areas.Slide66

THE SECOND HUNDRED DAYS

by 1935, Roosevelt was looking for ways to build on The Hundred Days

gains not as great as expected

unemployment still high

production still laggedSlide67

THE SECOND HUNDRED DAYS

Roosevelt decided to launch a second burst of activity in which he asked Congress to provide more extensive relief for both farmers and workers

commonly referred as “The Second New Deal”; was also called “The Second Hundred Days”Slide68

ELEANOR ROOSEVELT

Roosevelt’s wife who helped remind him of the suffering of the average American

social reformer who combined her deep humanitarian impulses with great political skillsSlide69

ELECTION OF 1936

Roosevelt easily defeats Alfred Landon

Roosevelt draws votes from a wide variety of groups

significant because it was the first time that African Americans voted Democratic instead of RepublicanSlide70

SECOND NEW DEAL LEGISLATION

Helping Farmers

Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act

: paid farmers for

cutting production of

soil depleting crops

and rewarded

farmers for practicing

good conservation

methods

Second Agricultural Adjustment Act

: brought back many features of

the first AAA, but avoided the

parts that the Supreme Court

had declared unconstitutional

Farm Security Administration

: loaned more than one billion dollars to

(FSA) help tenant farmers become

landownersSlide71

SECOND NEW DEAL LEGISLATION

Extending Relief

Works Progress Administration

: set out to create as

(WPA) many jobs as

possible as quickly

as possible

National Youth Administration

:

provided

(NYA)

education, jobs,

counseling,

and recreation to

young peopleSlide72

SECOND NEW DEAL LEGISLATION

Improving Labor Conditions

National Labor Relations Act

: commonly called the

Wagner

Act

reestablished collective bargaining

and prohibited unfair labor

practices

Fair Labor Standards Act

: set maximum hours, set minimum

wages, regulated child labor

Social Security Act

: gave old age insurance to those 65 and

(SSA) older, gave unemployment benefits to

those who needed it, and gave aid to

families with children and people with

disabilities

Social Security Act = long-term changesSlide73

SECOND NEW DEAL LEGISLATION

Expanding and Regulating Utilities

Rural Electrification Administration

: financed and worked

(REA) with electoral

cooperatives to bring

electricity to isolated

areas

Public Utility Holding Company Act

: outlawed the

ownership of utilities

by multiple holding

companiesSlide74

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Which group – farmers, unemployed, youth, retirees – do you think benefited the most from the Second New Deal?

Explain.

Answer the question in

three complete sentences

in your summary section.Slide75

THE NEW DEAL AFFECTS MANY GROUPS

CHAPTER 15 – SECTION 3Slide76

CHAPTERS IN BRIEF

Women benefited from the New Deal. Agencies did not discriminate in hiring, giving many women new opportunities. Roosevelt named the first female cabinet secretary—Frances Perkins—and appointed many women judges. Women still struggled against discrimination, however. Agencies and businesses did not hire women in proportion to their numbers in the population, and women continued to be paid less than men. Mary McLeod Bethune, an African-American woman, became head of the Division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Association. She helped blacks gain access to the agency’s programs and organized an unofficial “Black Cabinet” to advise the president. Roosevelt, however, never pressed for full civil rights for African Americans; he feared losing the support of white Southerners. Despite this lack of vigorous support for civil rights, most African Americans backed him and the New Deal. Mexican Americans did, too. Roosevelt’s Commissioner of Indian Affairs helped pass the Indian Reorganization Act, strengthening Native American land claims.Slide77

CHAPTERS IN BRIEF

Roosevelt and the Democratic party forged a new political coalition of Southern whites, urban voters, African Americans, and unionized workers. Labor was a key part of this coalition. New Deal laws made it easier for workers to organize. During the 1930s, union membership soared from less than 3 to more than 10 million. The United Mine Workers and United Auto Workers, with some other unions, split from the American Federation of Labor (AFL) to form a new group, the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). To win gains, labor

often had to strike. Sometimes the strikes turned violent.Slide78

THE NEW DEAL BRINGS NEW OPPORTUNITIES

the New Deal represented an important opportunity for minorities and women

however, gains for these groups were limited

prejudice and discrimination continued to hamper progressSlide79

WOMEN MAKE THEIR MARK

named to important government positions

Frances Perkins (first female Cabinet member)

two diplomats

federal judge

still faced discrimination

resentment from out of work men

wage codes paid women less than men

the long term trend of women in the workplace continuedSlide80

AFRICAN-AMERICAN ACTIVISM

more than 100 appointed to key government positions

“Black Cabinet” formed to advise Roosevelt on racial issues

Eleanor Roosevelt pushed for Marian Anderson to sing at the Lincoln Memorial in 1939

however, the Roosevelt Administration did not commit fully to Civil Rights

even with limited support, African Americans strongly supported FDR Slide81

MEXICAN AMERICANS AND

NATIVE AMERICANS

Mexican Americans

Tended to support the New Deal

Faced discrimination from New Deal agencies

Native Americans

Indian Reorganization Act

Economic (land would belong to tribe)

Cultural (children can attend school on the reservation)

Political (tribes can elect tribal councils to govern reservation)

Gave tribes more autonomySlide82

FDR CREATES THE NEW DEAL COALITION

New Deal coalition: alignment of diverse groups

dedicated to supporting the

Democratic Party

Southern whites

various urban groups

African Americans

unionized industrial workers

Democrats dominate politics in the 1930s and 1940sSlide83

LABOR UNIONS FLOURISH

Roosevelt “a friend of labor”

union members get better working conditions

also get better bargaining powers

union membership goes from three million to ten millionSlide84

LABOR DISPUTES

sit down strikes were the preferred method of striking

Memorial Day Massacre: police attacked strikers outside of

Republic Steel in Chicago

10 killed

84 wounded

Led to forced negotiations with the union Slide85

THE CULTURE OF THE 1930S

CHAPTER 15 – SECTION 4Slide86

CHAPTERS IN BRIEF

During the Depression, the radio and film industries flourished. About 90 percent of all households owned radios, and 65 percent of the population went to a movie once a week. The movies offered drama, comedies, and entertaining musicals. Hollywood became identified with glamour and sophistication. Families typically gathered by their radio each evening to hear their favorite shows. President Roosevelt addressed the nation in his “fireside chats” on several occasions.

The art and literature of the 1930s was more sober, offering serious critiques of American society or uplifting messages about the strength of character

and values of the people. One branch of the WPA, the Federal Arts Project, paid artists to create posters, murals, and other public works of art. The Federal Theater Project brought drama to communities across the country. Some writers had work funded by the Federal Writers’ Project. A famous author of the period was John Steinbeck. His novel The Grapes of Wrath showed the suffering

caused by the Dust Bowl.Slide87

THE IMPACT OF THE NEW DEAL

CHAPTER 15 – SECTION 5Slide88

CHAPTERS IN BRIEF

By 1937, the economy had recovered enough to convince many Americans that the Depression was over. Unemployment, still high, was much less than earlier in the decade. Many politicians pushed Roosevelt to cut back on New Deal programs. He did, and the economy fell back again. However, Roosevelt did not restore the New Deal.

Opinion on the New Deal still differs. Conservatives say that under Roosevelt the federal government grew too large and extended into everyday life. Liberals say that the New Deal didn’t go far enough in restructuring the economy and wealth. Supporters say that Roosevelt managed a balance between preserving the existing economic system and reforming it.

The New Deal did result in expanded power for the federal government. It also relieved the suffering of many people, struggling in the midst of the Depression’s harshest years. It boosted the rights of workers to unionize and aided farmers by creating a program of price supports that remained in effect for decades. Many banking and finance reforms begun under the New Deal are still in action, and

Americans are still benefiting from Roosevelt’s environmental protection efforts. Perhaps the longest-lasting New Deal programs are social security and the creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority.Slide89

NEW DEAL REFORMS ENDURE

Roosevelt hinted at a Third New Deal during his second term

however, due to

deficit spending

(spending more than you take in) Congress pressured him to scale back the New Deal programs

by 1939, the New Deal was effectively over

Roosevelt’s focus shifted to Europe and World War IISlide90

SUPPORTERS AND CRITICS OF THE NEW DEAL

Criticism

most conservatives think President Roosevelt made the federal government too large and too powerful

Liberal critics argue that Roosevelt did not do enough to socialize the economy and eliminate inequalities.

Support

Roosevelt struck a reasonable balance

between unregulated capitalism and

overregulated socialismSlide91

THE IMPACT OF THE NEW DEAL

The Economy

Infused the economy with millions of dollars

Created federal jobs

Attempted to regulate supply and demand

Increased active participation in settling labor and management disputes

Established agencies to regulate banking and investment activities:

FDIC

– Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

SEC

– Securities and exchange Commission

The government had to go deeply in debt to provide jobs and aid to the American peopleSlide92

PROTECTING WORKER’S RIGHTS

Legislation such as the

Wagner Act and the Fair Labor Standards Act set standards for wages and hours, banned child labor, and ensured the rights of workers to organize and to bargain collectivelySlide93

SOCIAL SECURITY

assumed the federal government has some responsibility for the social welfare of its citizens

Social Security Act provides old age insurance, unemployment benefits, and aid to people with dependent children or people with disabilitiesSlide94

THE ENVIRONMENT

Rural Scene

farm legislation controlled crop surpluses

loans helped to support farmers

The Environment

Roosevelt was highly committed to

conservation

the Civilian Conservation Corp planted trees, created trails, and helped to fight forest fires.

the Soil Conservation Service taught how to keep soil healthy

the Tennessee Valley Authority helped bring power to the Tennessee River Valley, as well as help prevent floodsSlide95

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How successful do you think Franklin Roosevelt was as a president?

Support your answer.

Answer the question in

three complete sentences

in your summary section.Slide96

THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND NEW DEAL OBJECTIVE

understand the causes and consequences of the Great Depression

understand the impact of FDR’s New Deal legislations on the American nation