Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography Nova Southeastern University Fall Semester 2017 Background Education Edinboro University of Pa BA 1995 ID: 661101
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Slide1
Fisheries Research Lab
David Kerstetter, Ph.D.
Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences
Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography
Nova Southeastern University
Fall Semester 2017Slide2
Background:
Education:
Edinboro
University of Pa (BA 1995)
College of William & Mary (MPP 1998)
W&M-VIMS (MSc 2002, PhD 2005)
Work History:
NOAA
Knauss
Marine Policy Fellow (1999)
W&M-VIMS Post-Doctoral Associate (2005)
UM-RSMAS Post-Doctoral Associate (2005-07)
NSU OC Research Scientist (2007-2013; lab est. in 2007) and Assistant Professor (2013-present)Slide3
Courses:
(G) Marine Fisheries Science
(G) Living Marine Resource Policy
(G) Invasive Species Ecology, Management, & Policy
(G) Marine Avian Ecology
(UG) Sharks and Their Relatives
Other, occasional undergrad courses on the main campus (e.g.,
First-Year Experience and Biology II)
Graduated Student Shannon Bayse in FLSlide4
Research Areas
Fishing gear technology/conservation engineering
Fisheries Biology (A/G/R, PSAT tagging)
Fisheries Socioeconomics
Seabird Ecology
Photo by graduated student Max
Appelman
in NCSlide5
Fishing Gear Technology Research
Strong vs. weak circle hooks (NC and HI)
Behavior of shallow-set pelagic longline gear (NC)
Evaluation of swordfish buoy gear and greenstick gear in the Gulf of Mexico (LA and FL)
Evaluation of swordfish buoy gear in Turkey, Morocco, and Réunion Island
Development of alternative spatial catch metrics for pelagic longline gear
Development of electric elasmobranch bycatch reduction devices
Photo by graduated student Max
Appelman
in NCSlide6
Fisheries Biology Research
Diet of swordfish, pelagic stingray, and barracuda
Age/Growth/Reproduction of mesopelagic and coastal pelagic fishes
Trophic linkages/diets of mesopelagic, coastal pelagic, and reef-associated/inshore fishes
Parasite faunas of elasmobranchs, lionfish and other local reef-associated/inshore fishes
Physiological parameters of lionfish (temperature, hypoxic environments, visual characteristics)
Photo by former student Adam
Nardelli
in FLSlide7
Fisheries Biology (continued)
PSAT tagging:
sailfish (Florida Straits)
undersized swordfish (Florida Straits and Caymans)
pelagic stingray (GOM and ATL)
blackfin tuna (GOM)
barracuda (Florida Straits)
Graduated student Jenny Fenton in Cayman IslandsSlide8
Socioeconomic Fisheries Research
Southeast Florida swordfish and sailfish tournament fishery
Florida Straits barracuda fishery
Florida lionfish derby fishery
Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico HMS fisheries
Graduated Student Amy
Heemsoth
in FLSlide9
…and (finally!), Seabird Research
Trophic ecology of seabirds in the Florida Straits
Endoparasitism
in coastal seabirds and wading birds
Heavy metal contaminants in coastal seabirds
Electronic tagging
Photo by graduated student Jesse Secord in FLSlide10
Research is Research is Research, right? A primer on types of modern scientific inquiry.Fall Semester 2017
MBIO 1510Slide11
“Research is the systematic approach to obtaining and confirming new and reliable knowledge”Systematic and orderly (following a series of steps)Purpose is
new
knowledge, which must be reliable
This is a general definition which can apply to all scientific disciplines.Slide12
Research is not:
Accidental discovery
:
Accidental discoveries may sometimes occur in structured research processes
Usually takes the form of a phenomenon not previously noticed
May lead to a structured research process to verify or understand the observationSlide13
Research is not: (cont.)Data Collection
an intermediate step to gain reliable knowledge
however, collecting reliable data is part of the research processSlide14
Searching out published research results in libraries (or the internet)This is an important early step of researchThe research process always includes synthesis and analysis, but just reviewing existing literature is itself not research
Research
is
not: (cont.)Slide15
1. Searching for explanation of events, phenomena, relationships and causesWhat, how, and why things occurAre there interactions, and if so, how to they affect the outcomes?
Research
is: Slide16
2. A process Planned and managed – to ensure that the information generated is credible The process is creativeIt is (or should be!)
circular
– always leads to more questions
Research
is: Slide17
All well designed and conducted research has some kind of potential application… eventually.Failure to see applications can be due to:
Users not trained in the specialized methods of research and reasoning
Researchers often do not provide adequate interpretations and guidance on applications of the research (dissemination, too)Slide18
Public research is a public good*May be more rigorous and objective because it is subject to more scrutiny –
at higher levels,
including peer
reviewOften publicly disseminated
Private research
may also
be just as scientifically
rigorousHowever, research on a company’s product or desired outcome may be questioned as biasedNegative results often not published or releasedIn economics, a public good is a good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous, in that individuals cannot be effectively excluded from use and where use by one individual does not reduce availability to others. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_good)Slide19
Classification of ResearchBefore classification, we must first define the basic types of researchDifferent criteria are used to classify research types
(All of these are somewhat arbitrary and artificial
–
not all scientists may agree
…
)Slide20
How did the universe begin? How do we treat or cure a specific disease? What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of?
How do slime molds reproduce?
How can we improve agricultural crop production?
What is the specific genetic code of the fruit fly?
How can we improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of transportation?
http://www.sjsu.edu/people/fred.prochaska/courses/ScWk170/s0/Basic-vs.-Applied-Research.pdf
Slide21
How did the universe begin? How do we treat or cure Type II diabetes? What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of?
How do slime molds reproduce?
How can we improve agricultural crop production in Angola and The Congo?
What is the specific genetic code of the fruit fly?
How can we improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of transportation? Slide22
The Frascati Manual (OECD)classifies research into three categories:Basic research
is experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge about observable phenomena and facts, not directed toward any particular use.
Applied research
is original investigation to acquire new knowledge directed primarily towards a specific practical aim or objective.
Experimental development
is systematic effort, based on existing knowledge from research or practical experience, directed toward creating novel or improved materials, products, devices, processes, systems, or services.Slide23
My lab does all three:
Basic research
:
Age/growth of bycatch species
Stable isotope biogeochemistry for ecological studies
Endoparasites
of marine organisms (e.g., birds, fishes)
Applied research
:
How do we minimize the mortality of bycatch animals in commercial fisheries?
Can we develop an electronic device to minimize shark bycatch?
Experimental development
:
Can we develop a bycatch-minimizing set of deployment techniques for a commercial pelagic longline fishery in Grenada?
Can we adapt Southeast Florida swordfish buoy gear for Turkey? For the northern Gulf of Mexico?
However, not all research types are equally easy in the sphere of public relations
–
depending on region, locality, etc., fisheries can be a VERY contentious issue.Slide24
My point here is not to recruit folks into my lab – or marine biology, for that matter! -- but to highlight some of the aspects to think about as you consider your own research interests. Some metrics to consider:Research opportunities
–
not every lab will have them (or have many)
Funding!
Type of research (i.e., basic, applied, and/or developmental)
Overall advisor engagement, both with outside world and students (e.g., the VIMS “tripartite mission” model)Slide25
Frontline Experiences from Changing Fisheries Bycatch ParadigmsDavid Kerstetter, Ph.D.Fisheries Research Laboratory
Razor’s Edge Research Scholars
Program
November 2017 Slide26
Fisheries are vital for Florida: $1.2b for commercial, $86m for aquaculture (Hodges et al, 2002), and $5.7b for recreational (FWC, 2012)In the United States, a relatively small percent of our protein is fish-based, but not so for the rest of the worldFish is a basic trade commodity, so world-wide impacts on trade and human health
Introduction
http://www.fao.org/docrep/
u8480e/U8480E0F.HTM
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3 Reg-Env Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide27
What is a fishery?An interlocking relationship of three components: humans, fish, and environmentSeveral types of fisheries: commercial and recreational, as well as artisanal/subsistenceManagement rests on two basic ideas:Bmsy
: biomass at MSY
Fmsy
: fishing mortality at MSY
Background: Terms
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3 Reg-Env Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide28
Introduction Case Study 1/2/3 Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion
ConclusionsSlide29
Introduction Case Study 1/2/3 Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion
ConclusionsSlide30
Introduction Case Study 1/2/3 Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion
ConclusionsSlide31
Putting this MSY concept into practice isn’t very easy, though
–
and that’s assuming that the policy-makers even understand the science!
An example of the scientific output from an assessment:
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch Discussion
ConclusionsSlide32
“overfished”
B
lim
is the limit biomass reference point,
B
Threshold
is the biomass point at which increasingly strict management actions should be taken as biomass decreases and
F
target
, the target fishing mortality rate to be applied to achieve the management objective.
“overfishing”
The “
Kobe Matrix”!
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch Discussion
ConclusionsSlide33
“Kobe Plot” time series of B/B
MSY
B and F/F
MSY
for northern swordfish stock from 1950 to 2014 showing the progression of stock status as the North Atlantic pelagic longline fisheries evolved. The blue circle represents the range of uncertainty, while the star indicates the most likely stock status as of 2015.
Aside:
Many managers are moving away from MSY to “target” and “limit” reference points instead, but MSY still commonly used and incorporated into UNCLOS and other international treaties.
“overfished”“overfishing”
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch Discussion
ConclusionsSlide34
Lack of collapse?Capable of recovery after collapse?Harvesting at Bmsy or Fmsy?OR, harvesting in a manner sustainable for the ecosystem?
Definition of “sustainability”?
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide35
How does one “manage” a fishery?Protect the underlying ecology that allows fish productionControl the type (size or age) of individual fish harvested to maximize productionControl the fishing mortality rate (F)Most fisheries management regimes are combinations of several methods, especially for multiple stocks
Introduction
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide36
Fisheries are managed at several regulatory levels, depending on the movement level of the species itself:State: sessile speciesDomestic/National: non-migratory speciesInternational: migratory and highly migratory speciesDue to the breadth of fisheries, three selected case-study examples to explain some points
Introduction
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide37
Largest fishery of the Chesapeake Bay for hundreds of years, with major ecosystem functionLarge-scale declines in catches from historical highsLast remaining sailing fishing fleet as fishery management termManagement still at state level
Case Study 1: Chesapeake oysters
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide38
Decline due to several causes:Overfishing Targeting spawning areasSessile, so no refugiaHabitat destruction/introduced diseases/water quality issues
End result is a 50x decrease from historical highs
From Rothschild et al. (1994)
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide39
Driver of economic prosperity in Maritimes from 1500s through colonial period, but development of international factory trawler fleets, especially during 1960s-70s, caused collapse Currently under national and international management regimeDespite years of effectively closing the fisheries, the cod stocks have not rebounded
Case Study 2: Grand Banks cod
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide40
Catches peaked, then just collapsed (with warning)Input of foreign trawl effort clearly affected total landings… and resulting declining catchesChanges in ecosystem… ?
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch Discussion
ConclusionsSlide41
Sustainable harpoon fishery moved to pelagic longline gear in the 1970s, including into the Florida Straits nursery groundsYears of ineffective international management culminated in 1999 strict harvest rules, including closure of juvenile habitatBy 2004 stock assessment, population > Bmsy (2014 assessment indicates similar situation for stock through 2013)
Case Study 3: N. Atlantic Swordfish
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide42
Several changes to regime:U.S. time-area closures (2000)U.S. circle hooks (2004)Combination of member states into one E.C. unit (better enforcement)Combined efforts seem to have worked, whether planned or otherwiseSlide43
Differences between these case-study examples on scale of management: local, national, and internationalWithin most Western management agencies, opportunity for public participation (in the United States, within management)Regulatory decisions at all levels must abide by representative domestic and international (treaty) law
Regulatory Environment
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide44
Managed at the state level, even in joint water bodies; decisions made by locally-appointed fishery participantsOther problems of pollution, introduced species, and siltationLesson: even effective management might not be enough
Case Study
1
: Chesapeake oysters
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide45
Nominally managed at the international level, but actually more so at the national level (spawning grounds, EEZ)Although some notable incursions (e.g., F/V Estai), international regime essentially holding; stocks still not recoveringLesson: international management might not be enough if the stock is depleted beyond an ecological threshold
Case Study 2: Grand Banks cod
[EEZ = exclusive economic zone]
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide46
Whole-scale management changes in addition to the 1999 international management actionsFast-reproducing, fecund species; protected nursery groundsBy 2004 stock assessment, population > Bmsy
Lesson:
success isn’t always (solely) about management
Case Study 3: N. Atlantic Swordfish
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide47
Because we all depend on fish and fisheries, especially the South Florida economy;Because there are lessons to be learned from each of these fisheries, and we owe that to those fishermen;And, finally, because we have demonstrated examples that management for sustainable fisheries
can
work.
So, who cares?
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3 Reg-Env Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide48
“
By-catch is
‘
that portion of the catch returned to the sea as a result of economic, legal, or personal considerations, plus the retained catch of non-targeted species
’
.
”
(McCaughran, 1992)
“
… by-catch as the fishing mortality resulting from the catch that is not accounted for in the landed catch. In effect, this definition equates to the discard mortality and represents the focus of the vast majority of the quantitative literature on by-catch levels.
”
(Hall and Mainprize, 2005)
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch Discussion
ConclusionsSlide49
Your bycatch is my dinner… definitional problems remain at many levels between “bycatch
”
and
“
incidental catch
”
(retained vs. non-retained) – what about the
“shack meat” problem? Historically, RFMOs have been hesitant to define bycatch for any species because of cultural, artisanal, and/or historical reasons within member states.
“
RFMO
”
= regional
fishery
management
organization
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide50
LESSON 1 –
WHAT
IS
BYCATCH?Slide51
Definitions:
Catch
: the total number or weight of fish captured in a given areas over a given period of time. Includes fish captured and subsequently released or discarded.
Target species
: the species of main interest in the fishery (may be multi-species)
Non-target species
: species (and/or non-legal sizes) other than the target species
Bycatch
: non-target species (and/or non-legal sizes) that are not retained
Incidental catch
: non-target species that are retained
Introduction Background
Bycatch Lessons 1-6
Discussion ConclusionsSlide52
BYCATCH
BYCATCH
BYCATCH
BYCATCH
BYCATCH
NOT
BYCATCH
Dave in 2000
Dave in 2001
Dave in 2003
Dave in 2003
Dave in 2004
Dave in 2005Slide53
Dave in 2012
Dave in 2008
Dave (and Lane)
in 2013
Dave in 2011
Dave in 2013
Dave in 2010
BYCATCH
BYCATCH
NOT
BYCATCH
NOT
BYCATCH
NOT
BYCATCH
BYCATCHSlide54
Declines in stocks of main fisheries targets have led to retention – if not outright targeting – and marketing of formerly discarded species (see “white tuna”…)
So, are these species then still technically
“
bycatch
”
?
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide55
LESSON 2 – REDUCING BYCATCH AND REDUCING BYCATCH MORTALITY ARE DIFFERENT IDEAS Slide56
Reducing bycatch – numbers aloneMethods? Reduce effort Reduce interactions with bycatch species
Success in the United States?
Major reduction of PLL effort in the Florida Straits
On-going reduction of shrimp effort in the GOM
Newly-proposed seasonal closure of PLL effort in the GOM
For collaborative work with fishers, often need to stress decrease in extra effort to deal with bycatch (actual
and
regulatory), as well as less lost and/or damaged fishing gear – but that they still get to go fishingIntroduction Case Study 1/2/3 Reg-Env Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide57
Reducing bycatch mortality – a numbers game too, but focus is instead on survivabilityEmphasis on good overall animal condition, especially at releaseMethods for PLL (for example):
Longer
gangions
than
floatlines
Different hook types:
Fewer gut-hooking events (circle hooks)
Maximize ability of animal to self-release (weak hooks) Different fishing techniques (e.g., tori lines) Considered the more pragmatic approach of the two; often allows for cooperative researchIntroduction Case Study 1/2/3 Reg-Env Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide58
Kerstetter and Graves,
N. Am. J. Fish. Mgt. (
2008)
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide59
LESSON 3 – WE DO NOT KNOW AS MANY THINGS ABOUT OUR FISHING GEARS AS WE LIKE TO THINK WE DO
http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/images/biogeo/seaturtle/tangle.jpgSlide60
Where:
D
j
is the depth of the
j
th hook
in a basket
ha is the length of the branchline
h
b
is the length of the floatline
l
is half the length of the mainline
in the basket
n
is the number of intervals
between hooks
j
is the position number of the
j
th branchline in the basket
Φ is the angle between the tangent
to the mainline and the horizontal
(Yoshihara, 1951)
“A tragedy of mathematics is a beautiful conjecture
ruined by an ugly fact.
”
–
Anon.
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide61
Armstrong (2009)
Several studies now – including Boggs (1992), Bigelow et al. (2006), and Rice et al. (2007) – all agree with Armstrong (2009) that the Yoshihara (1951) equation consistently
overestimates
actual fishing depths.
Under analysis, Yoshihara’
s equation unfortunately isn’t very good at predicting reality…
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide62
“
To keep every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering.
”
– Aldo Leopold (1887-1948)Slide63
LESSON 4 – WE DO NOT KNOW AS MANY THINGS ABOUT OUR BYCATCH SPECIES AS WE LIKE TO THINK WE DOSlide64
Depth data inferred from catches?!?!
“
It is true that observed depths (obtained using depth sensors) and predicted depths often differ. … However, we contacted several observers and longline fishers who pointed out that commercial fishers adjust their fishing practices to maximize the availability of longline hooks to target species, such as deep-dwelling bigeye tuna.
”
-- Ward and Myers (2005)
There
is
a bit of truth to this – swordfish
are
deeper when the moon is brighter, for example.
Lerner et al. (2010)
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide65
Little is known about the biology of many main bycatch species, especially the fishes (which
aren’
t
alternatively covered by ESA, MBTA, or MMPA…)
Ageing/Growth?
Reproductive periodicity?
Age at maturity?
Little funding is available for the biology of fishes not currently harvested… and even for some of those that are!
Head of 125# escolar from Grand Cayman Island, courtesy of Guy Harvey
Kerstetter and Armstrong (2009)
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide66
Delta-lognormal modeling of CPUEs for escolar catches in the U.S.
Atlantic & GOM pelagic longline fishery, 1994-2006 (all statistical areas)
Kerstetter and Armstrong (2009)
Stock assessment models for rare-event bycatch species are still in preliminary stages – we don’
t know how to adequately assess things without nesting beaches or dedicated pupping grounds, although
such auxiliary methods (e.g., EFH) often try to do so.
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide67
LESSON 5 – OTHER THAN THE UNITED STATES, RELATIVELY FEW COUNTRIES
REALLY
CARE ABOUT FISHERIES BYCATCH AND BYCATCH MANAGEMENTSlide68
PLL is the (vastly) dominant gear type, at least for pelagic fishes…
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide69
RFMOs and BycatchICCAT?
BUM and WHM (sort of), as well as sea birds and bigeye thresher sharks.
CCSBT?
Little bycatch, generally MIA.
IOTC?
Unknown bycatch levels, generally MIA.
I-ATTC?
Great strides with PS, PLL in progress.IWC? It may be the lone exception, but the Commission mandate technically doesn’t cover small cetaceans.Introduction Case Study 1/2/3 Reg-Env Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion Conclusions
S.
Murawski
, from http://
www.compassonline.org
/
pdf_files
/EBM_12_05_
Murawski
.pdf
Slide70
IPOAs/NPOAs Sharks (1999)
U.S. NPOA implemented in
2001; 18 NPOAs by 2016
Sea Turtles:
15 pages of NOAA international activities relating to reducing bycatch of sea turtles
Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles (1998)
Seabirds
U.S. NPOA implemented in 2001; 13 NPOAs by 2005
IPOAs/NPOAs technically cover all national fisheries, but there’s generally a lack of (or poor) international coordination in many plans for pelagic species.
Other International Agreements
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide71
http://cinemar.unh.edu/photos/tuna_school.jpg
LESSON 6 –
“
The ecologist has never been asked before how to harvest an ecosystem optimally.
”
Hall et al. (2000)Slide72
To paraphrase, we’
re all (or we all
should
be) ecologists now in our approach to fisheries, as NOAA is starting to do nationally with EBFM.
Still, how do we set harvest or mortality limits for bycatch species, without putting our fisheries in jeopardy?
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide73
FISHING ISN’T GOING TO STOP, OR EVEN LIKELY SLOW DOWN…
SO, WHERE DO WE GO NOW?
http://www.fis.com/fis/worldnews/images/28939_350x263_72_DPI_0.jpg
Slide74
Hall et al. (2000) “Two-Lever System”
:
You can reduce bycatch by affecting changes on either side… or optimally
both
.
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide75
A single country can make a difference in bycatch for a migratory or broadly ranging species.
Many species move over broad geographic areas, so a multi-national approach is at least helpful, if not required!
Four paradigms in need of a change regarding bycatch:
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide76
Static time-area closures are effective fisheries management tools.
They
may
be effective in some situations, but other times may fail completely. Time-area closures are not “silver bullet” solutions.
Four paradigms in need of a change regarding bycatch:
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide77
Harvests affect target and non-target species in similar ways.
Because of differing population levels, harvests of target species very likely affect the non-target species in strikingly different ways.
Four paradigms in need of a change regarding bycatch:
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide78
Global climate change won’t affect vertical distribution, horizontal range utilization, OR essential spawning/larval/juvenile habitat.
Four paradigms in need of a change regarding bycatch:
Global climate change
already
is affecting these distributions, ranges, and habitats.
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide79
Some “modest proposals”
…
Before using habitat-based stock assessment models, let’
s be sure we really know the habitat of the species in question!
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide80
Kerstetter et al. (2008) Gulf and Caribbean Research Vol 20, 97-102, 2008
http://media.photobucket.com/image/escolar/RiskTaker1/IMG_1433.jpg
Example 1: escolar
(
Lepidocybium
flavobrunneum
)
800-1000 m depth differences within 12 hours, repeated dailySlide81
Kerstetter et al. (unpubl. data, 2010)
© 1999-2010, Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation
Example 2:
Pelagic Stingray
(
Pteroplatytrygon
violacea
)
25-100 m depth differences, with short-duration dives to 200+ m
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide82
Some “modest proposals”
…
Advocate
for multi-species or ecosystem approaches for fisheries management,
even if such an approach means less harvest of the target species in order to protect a more-vulnerable species
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide83
Some “modest proposals”
…
As climate change begins to occur – and brings ecological changes with it – we’
re going to have to re-frame bycatch issue as habitats (i.e., the vulnerabilities to fishing gear configurations) change:
Decreasing areas of productivity
Decreasing areas for nesting/spawning/pupping
Effects of habitat compression (e.g., eastern Atlantic hypoxic depths) on fisheries distributions
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide84
Some “modest proposals”
…
Finally, scientists need to
get involved
. Emphasis in most marine science programs is on outreach and education; as a discipline, we need to also do
advisory service
, and especially within the sub-field of fisheries science.
On the other side, citizens also need to share their expertise with science – programs like REEF are great opportunities to do so!
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide85Slide86
Fisheries sustainability (i.e., effective management) is often based on the policy efficacy of the background structure – diffuse political bases, weak consumer demands, burdensome enforcement measures, and lack of legal mandates often result in poor management regimesBiology of the stock in question matters somewhat, but is not the determinate factor
Discussion
The
Anna Karenina Principle
describes an endeavor in which a deficiency in any one of a number of factors dooms it to failure. Consequently, a successful endeavor (subject to this principle) is one where every possible deficiency has been avoided.
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3 Reg-Env Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide87
Based on three principles:Principle 1: Sustainable fish stocksPrinciple 2: Minimizing environmental impactPrinciple 3: Effective management
Ultimately, certification relies
on theory that consumer choice for sustainable fish products can drive higher prices for fishermen – thus, encouraging others to adopt sustainable practices
Seafood Certification?
?Slide88
With an increasing population, we have no choice but to move toward sustainability in wild fisheries – unless we all just eat tilapiaWeak national (most) and international legal frameworks and/or enforcement – are trade measures enough?However, we have both sustainable fisheries and rebuilt, now sustainably fished fisheries – there is hope!
Conclusions
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide89
Numerous remaining challenges:Effective enforcement of international management regimesInvasive species?Informing consumers of problems!Still no comprehensive understanding of the role of global climate change on wild fisheries production:
Migration and/or
s
pawning/nursery ground changesLoss of fisheries infrastructure
Conclusions
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3 Reg-Env Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide90
Apologies to John Donne, but “No consumer is an island…” – your own seafood choices dictate the markets, which dictate what fishers targetWhat can you do?
In addition to MSC certification, also several web-based seafood guides (e.g., from Monterey Bay Aquarium)
Encouragement of “
localivore
” fish tastes – less transport, better management/fewer invasive species, supporting local fishing communities (note: this theme applies to freshwater fisheries as well)
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3
Bycatch
Discussion
ConclusionsSlide91
Few places in the United States have as strong an effect on fisheries as Florida, especially South Florida – fisheries are all around us on a daily basis hereSupport organizations and actions that encourage sustainability rather than force exclusion – it’s no longer “all or nothing”Your consumer choices matter!
Take-Home Messages?
Introduction
Case Study 1/2/3
Reg-Env
Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide92
Didn’t discuss it, but… Funding will continue to be a challenge – incorporate a management focus into proposals to make them relevant to RFP reviewers and agencies –
if you want to get into science, get involved early and often to build your portfolio
Bycatch involves charismatic megafauna, thus is
often easier
to get public interest in that research (and sometimes
financial support
, too
)ConclusionsIntroduction Case Study 1/2/3 Reg-Env Case Study 1/2/3 Bycatch Discussion ConclusionsSlide93
Funding by NOAA, North Carolina Sea Grant, Virginia Sea Grant, Massachusetts Sea Grant, John A. Knauss Sea Grant Marine Policy Fellowship, Walton Family Foundation, Pew Charitable Trusts, and the Gulf Restoration NetworkMentors, supervisors, and students at the College of William & Mary, the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, the University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth, the
Universidade
Federal Rural de
Pernamuco, IFREMER, the University of Miami, NSU PFRDG, and – of course! – the students in the Fisheries Research Laboratory
AcknowledgementsSlide94
Photo courtesy of Justin Lerner
David Kerstetter, Ph.D.
Fisheries Research Laboratory
Halmos
College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography
Nova Southeastern University
Email:
kerstett@nova.edu Phone: 954-262-3664FB (fisheries):
https://www.facebook.com/groups/nsuocfisherieslab/
FB (birds):
https://www.facebook.com/groups/1542801272602114/