Topic 52 Pheromones and Behaviour Pheromones An Introduction Hot Seat Group Edition A group review task Groups of three Review previous lessons Get ready to present your summary ID: 740000
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Slide1
Love and MarriageSlide2
Chapter 5: Love and Marriage
Topic 5.2: Pheromones and Behaviour
Pheromones: An IntroductionSlide3
Hot Seat: Group
EditionA group review taskGroups of threeReview previous lessonsGet ready to present
your summary to the class5 minutes or lessOne group will be randomly chosen to presentMake sure you cover:Important topicsTerminologyKey studiesSome critical thinking aspectsSlide4
Consolidate: Face Preference Studies
Watch this clip from the Discovery Channel’s “documentary”: The Science of Sex Appeal Link (3 mins).
This link can take you to some composite images made on flickr.Slide5
The “Sweaty t-shirt study”
Watch this replication of the sweaty t-shirt experiment from BBC’s documentary “Human Instincts” (link) (5 mins)
What do the results of this study suggest?Slide6
Pheromones: An Introduction
There will be a quiz on this after I finish explaining Pheromones are a type of hormone
Transmitted from one individual to anotherTransmitted through the air, water or groundE.g. stags (male deer) rub themselves on trees and grass to spread their scentSlide7
Pheromones: An Introduction continued…
Detected by the sense of smellThe vomeronasal organ (a.k.a
Jacobson’s organ) has sensory neurons to detect pheromonesThe presence of VNOs in humans is debatable, with evidence on both sides Even if we have one, whether or not they still function is also debatableSlide8
Pheromones: An Introduction continued…evidence
Studies on pigs (starting in the 1960s)Boars (male pigs) release androstenone through their saliva
If female pigs are presented androstenone, they get in a “mating stance” (which means they’re ready to “receive” the male)If you block the vomeronasal organ, this same behaviour is still observedThis suggests maybe our lack of a functioning vomeronasal organ doesn’t matter after all
A boar (male pig)Slide9
Pheromones Quiz: In your workbooks
A pheromone is a type of …What is the difference between a regular hormone and a pheromone?
What sense do animals use to detect most pheromones?What organ detects pheromones?What is one reason why there is debate over the existence of human pheromones?How did studies in the 1960s on pigs show that pheromones can affect animal behaviour?What is one piece of evidence that suggests there could be human pheromones?
Extension:
Does
Wedekind’s
sweaty t-shirt study provide evidence for pheromones?Slide10
Pheromones Quiz:
AnswersA pheromone is a type of … hormone
What is the difference between a regular hormone and a pheromone? Pheromones transmit signals from one animal to anotherWhat sense do animals use to detect most pheromones? SmellWhat organ detects pheromones?
Vomeronasal (Jacobson’s)
What is one reason why there is debate over the existence of human pheromones
?
Our VMO might not work – evidence to suggest it doesn’t or we don’t have
one
How did studies in the 1960s on pigs show that pheromones can affect animal behaviour
?
P
resent
pheromone and pig gets ready to
mate
What
is one piece of evidence that suggests there could be human pheromones
?
Block the VMO in a pig and effect is still observed (pheromone causes mating stance)
Extension:
Does
Wedekind’s
sweaty t-shirt study provide evidence for pheromones?Slide11
Reminder
Get ahead by reading ahead! Slide12
Chapter 5: Love and Marriage
Topic 5.2: Pheromones and Behaviour
AndrostadienoneSlide13
Pictionary
Write a key term on a piece of paper (an important one but not an obvious one)We’ll split into groupsYou have to draw the term Your team has to guess what you’re drawing Slide14
SciShow’s
“Do pheromones influence behaviour?”Watch this video about pheromones
(10 mins). Focus questions in the workbook.You’ll be quizzed on these after the video.Slide15
SciShow’s
“Do pheromones influence behaviour?”There are no identified human pheromones. True or false?True
How do pheromones send messages?Through the air, water, or on the ground.How do male pigs (boars) secrete androstenone?Saliva What are the two types of pheromones?Releasers and primers
How have humans used animal pheromones
?
To control animal populations and to stop the spread of disease
What are two limitations of studies on human pheromones
?
Small sample sizes, poor experimental design, poor replication (lack of test-retest reliability)
What is the VNO
?
Vomeronasal organ
What
important thing do human
VNOs
not
have?
Sensory neurons
Why
are pheromones less likely to influence human attraction as much as they influence other animal sexual behaviours
?
Because our behaviour is influenced by other factors, like how we thinkSlide16
Speed
datingYou have one piece of information It is needed to solve today’s guiding questionYou are going to be partnered up randomly and you have 20 seconds each to share your key detail
You’ll then find a new partner After you’ve heard from everyone, you need to figure out the answer.You have to remember your piece of information – you can’t carry the paper around with you.Slide17
Speed
dating summaryMethods and results of Saxton et al. Slide18
How does Saxton et al.’s study suggest that pheromones may influence human behaviour?
Use the textbook to help if you need it.
Critical Thinking Extension:Why might we have evolved for smell to play a key role in attraction?Slide19
Chapter 5: Love and Marriage
Topic 5.2: Pheromones and Behaviour
Androstadienone and AttractionSlide20
Race to the Front Quiz
What organ detects pheromones and is inactive in humans? What is one reason why high testosterone is healthy?What do we call physical traits that distinguish males from females, but aren’t directly involved in procreation?What time of the cycle are females most likely to get pregnant?What were two results from Buss’s study?
Name one pheromone. What could be the biological factor within females affecting what they find attractive?Where can androstadienone be found?
First team to answer all questions wins!Slide21
Race to the Front
Quiz - Answers What organ detects pheromones and is inactive in humans? Vomeronasal organWhat is one reason why high testosterone is healthy?Strong immune system
What do we call physical traits that distinguish males from females, but aren’t directly involved in procreation?Secondary sex characteristics What time of the cycle are females most likely to get pregnant?Ovulation What were two results from Buss’s study?
Males prefer younger, females older / males prefer attraction and chastity / females prefer financial prospects
Name one pheromone.
Androstadienone or androstenone
(these are also describe as being “
putative”
pheromones by some researchers)
What
could be the biological factor within females affecting what they find
attractive?
Hormone levels
Where can androstadienone be found?
Male sweat Slide22
Recap: Johnston et al.’s experiment
Studied what types of faces females find attractive42 female participants took part at different times in their menstrual cycleThey could manipulate the faces to make more masculine or feminineResults showed females are most attracted to masculine faces during ovulation Masculine faces = strong jawline and a low brow
Suggest high testosterone High testosterone is desirable as it suggests healthy genes that can produce a strong immune system in offspringConclusion: face structure gives a sign of high testosterone, which means healthy genes and this is attractive when females are looking to procreateSlide23
Centre
Stage: Dramatic Re-EnactmentYou need to assign each group member a “character” (or characters).
You have to work together to construct the story of “Cornwell et al.’s study on androstadienone and attraction.”We’re doing this to understand how androstadienone affects attraction.Characters: Female participant #1Female participant #2Feminine faceMasculine facePheromones and control substancesSlide24
Analyzing the EvidenceSlide25
How might androstadienone influence behaviour?
Use the textbook to help if you need it.
Critical Thinking Extension:What are the ethical considerations associated with this study?Slide26
Exit Ticket: Rate and Reflect
How well could you answer today’s guiding question? 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest)This is the only time pheromones is covered in the course, so it’s essential you master it now. What are two things you can do tonight to boost the score you just gave yourself?Slide27
Next Topic = Culture and Attraction
End of Topic 5.2